\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- -*- coding: iso-latin-1 -*- @setfilename ../info/gnus @settitle Gnus Manual @synindex fn cp @synindex vr cp @synindex pg cp @direntry * Gnus: (gnus). The newsreader Gnus. @end direntry @iftex @finalout @end iftex @setchapternewpage odd @iftex @end iftex @ifinfo This file documents Gnus, the GNU Emacs newsreader. Copyright (C) 1995,96 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. @ignore Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the results, provided the printed document carries copying permission notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual). @end ignore Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. @end ifinfo @tex @titlepage @title Gnus 5.7 Manual @author by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll Copyright @copyright{} 1995,96,97 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. @end titlepage @page @end tex @node Top @top The Gnus Newsreader @ifinfo You can read news (and mail) from within Emacs by using Gnus. The news can be gotten by any nefarious means you can think of---@sc{nntp}, local spool or your mbox file. All at the same time, if you want to push your luck. This manual corresponds to Gnus 5.7. @end ifinfo @iftex Gnus is the advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible unreal-time newsreader for GNU Emacs. Oops. That sounds oddly familiar, so let's start over again to avoid being accused of plagiarism: Gnus is a message-reading laboratory. It will let you look at just about anything as if it were a newsgroup. You can read mail with it, you can browse directories with it, you can @code{ftp} with it---you can even read news with it! Gnus tries to empower people who read news the same way Emacs empowers people who edit text. Gnus sets no limits to what the user should be allowed to do. Users are encouraged to extend Gnus to make it behave like they want it to behave. A program should not control people; people should be empowered to do what they want by using (or abusing) the program. @end iftex @menu * Starting Up:: Finding news can be a pain. * The Group Buffer:: Selecting, subscribing and killing groups. * The Summary Buffer:: Reading, saving and posting articles. * The Article Buffer:: Displaying and handling articles. * Composing Messages:: Information on sending mail and news. * Select Methods:: Gnus reads all messages from various select methods. * Scoring:: Assigning values to articles. * Various:: General purpose settings. * The End:: Farewell and goodbye. * Appendices:: Terminology, Emacs intro, FAQ, History, Internals. * Index:: Variable, function and concept index. * Key Index:: Key Index. @end menu @node Starting Up @chapter Starting Gnus @cindex starting up @kindex M-x gnus @findex gnus If your system administrator has set things up properly, starting Gnus and reading news is extremely easy---you just type @kbd{M-x gnus} in your Emacs. @findex gnus-other-frame @kindex M-x gnus-other-frame If you want to start Gnus in a different frame, you can use the command @kbd{M-x gnus-other-frame} instead. If things do not go smoothly at startup, you have to twiddle some variables in your @file{~/.gnus} file. This file is similar to @file{~/.emacs}, but is read when gnus starts. If you puzzle at any terms used in this manual, please refer to the terminology section (@pxref{Terminology}). @menu * Finding the News:: Choosing a method for getting news. * The First Time:: What does Gnus do the first time you start it? * The Server is Down:: How can I read my mail then? * Slave Gnusae:: You can have more than one Gnus active at a time. * Fetching a Group:: Starting Gnus just to read a group. * New Groups:: What is Gnus supposed to do with new groups? * Startup Files:: Those pesky startup files---@file{.newsrc}. * Auto Save:: Recovering from a crash. * The Active File:: Reading the active file over a slow line Takes Time. * Changing Servers:: You may want to move from one server to another. * Startup Variables:: Other variables you might change. @end menu @node Finding the News @section Finding the News @cindex finding news @vindex gnus-select-method @c @head The @code{gnus-select-method} variable says where Gnus should look for news. This variable should be a list where the first element says @dfn{how} and the second element says @dfn{where}. This method is your native method. All groups not fetched with this method are foreign groups. For instance, if the @samp{news.somewhere.edu} @sc{nntp} server is where you want to get your daily dosage of news from, you'd say: @lisp (setq gnus-select-method '(nntp "news.somewhere.edu")) @end lisp If you want to read directly from the local spool, say: @lisp (setq gnus-select-method '(nnspool "")) @end lisp If you can use a local spool, you probably should, as it will almost certainly be much faster. @vindex gnus-nntpserver-file @cindex NNTPSERVER @cindex @sc{nntp} server If this variable is not set, Gnus will take a look at the @code{NNTPSERVER} environment variable. If that variable isn't set, Gnus will see whether @code{gnus-nntpserver-file} (@file{/etc/nntpserver} by default) has any opinions on the matter. If that fails as well, Gnus will try to use the machine running Emacs as an @sc{nntp} server. That's a long shot, though. @vindex gnus-nntp-server If @code{gnus-nntp-server} is set, this variable will override @code{gnus-select-method}. You should therefore set @code{gnus-nntp-server} to @code{nil}, which is what it is by default. @vindex gnus-secondary-servers You can also make Gnus prompt you interactively for the name of an @sc{nntp} server. If you give a non-numerical prefix to @code{gnus} (i.e., @kbd{C-u M-x gnus}), Gnus will let you choose between the servers in the @code{gnus-secondary-servers} list (if any). You can also just type in the name of any server you feel like visiting. @findex gnus-group-browse-foreign-server @kindex B (Group) However, if you use one @sc{nntp} server regularly and are just interested in a couple of groups from a different server, you would be better served by using the @kbd{B} command in the group buffer. It will let you have a look at what groups are available, and you can subscribe to any of the groups you want to. This also makes @file{.newsrc} maintenance much tidier. @xref{Foreign Groups}. @vindex gnus-secondary-select-methods @c @head A slightly different approach to foreign groups is to set the @code{gnus-secondary-select-methods} variable. The select methods listed in this variable are in many ways just as native as the @code{gnus-select-method} server. They will also be queried for active files during startup (if that's required), and new newsgroups that appear on these servers will be subscribed (or not) just as native groups are. For instance, if you use the @code{nnmbox} backend to read your mail, you would typically set this variable to @lisp (setq gnus-secondary-select-methods '((nnmbox ""))) @end lisp @node The First Time @section The First Time @cindex first time usage If no startup files exist, Gnus will try to determine what groups should be subscribed by default. @vindex gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups If the variable @code{gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups} is set, Gnus will subscribe you to just those groups in that list, leaving the rest killed. Your system administrator should have set this variable to something useful. Since she hasn't, Gnus will just subscribe you to a few arbitrarily picked groups (i.e., @samp{*.newusers}). (@dfn{Arbitrary} is defined here as @dfn{whatever Lars thinks you should read}.) You'll also be subscribed to the Gnus documentation group, which should help you with most common problems. If @code{gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups} is @code{t}, Gnus will just use the normal functions for handling new groups, and not do anything special. @node The Server is Down @section The Server is Down @cindex server errors If the default server is down, Gnus will understandably have some problems starting. However, if you have some mail groups in addition to the news groups, you may want to start Gnus anyway. Gnus, being the trusting sort of program, will ask whether to proceed without a native select method if that server can't be contacted. This will happen whether the server doesn't actually exist (i.e., you have given the wrong address) or the server has just momentarily taken ill for some reason or other. If you decide to continue and have no foreign groups, you'll find it difficult to actually do anything in the group buffer. But, hey, that's your problem. Blllrph! @findex gnus-no-server @kindex M-x gnus-no-server @c @head If you know that the server is definitely down, or you just want to read your mail without bothering with the server at all, you can use the @code{gnus-no-server} command to start Gnus. That might come in handy if you're in a hurry as well. This command will not attempt to contact your primary server---instead, it will just activate all groups on level 1 and 2. (You should preferably keep no native groups on those two levels.) @node Slave Gnusae @section Slave Gnusae @cindex slave You might want to run more than one Emacs with more than one Gnus at the same time. If you are using different @file{.newsrc} files (e.g., if you are using the two different Gnusae to read from two different servers), that is no problem whatsoever. You just do it. The problem appears when you want to run two Gnusae that use the same @code{.newsrc} file. To work around that problem some, we here at the Think-Tank at the Gnus Towers have come up with a new concept: @dfn{Masters} and @dfn{slaves}. (We have applied for a patent on this concept, and have taken out a copyright on those words. If you wish to use those words in conjunction with each other, you have to send $1 per usage instance to me. Usage of the patent (@dfn{Master/Slave Relationships In Computer Applications}) will be much more expensive, of course.) Anyways, you start one Gnus up the normal way with @kbd{M-x gnus} (or however you do it). Each subsequent slave Gnusae should be started with @kbd{M-x gnus-slave}. These slaves won't save normal @file{.newsrc} files, but instead save @dfn{slave files} that contain information only on what groups have been read in the slave session. When a master Gnus starts, it will read (and delete) these slave files, incorporating all information from them. (The slave files will be read in the sequence they were created, so the latest changes will have precedence.) Information from the slave files has, of course, precedence over the information in the normal (i.e., master) @code{.newsrc} file. @node Fetching a Group @section Fetching a Group @cindex fetching a group @findex gnus-fetch-group It is sometimes convenient to be able to just say ``I want to read this group and I don't care whether Gnus has been started or not''. This is perhaps more useful for people who write code than for users, but the command @code{gnus-fetch-group} provides this functionality in any case. It takes the group name as a parameter. @node New Groups @section New Groups @cindex new groups @cindex subscription @vindex gnus-check-new-newsgroups If you are satisfied that you really never want to see any new groups, you can set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} to @code{nil}. This will also save you some time at startup. Even if this variable is @code{nil}, you can always subscribe to the new groups just by pressing @kbd{U} in the group buffer (@pxref{Group Maintenance}). This variable is @code{ask-server} by default. If you set this variable to @code{always}, then Gnus will query the backends for new groups even when you do the @kbd{g} command (@pxref{Scanning New Messages}). @menu * Checking New Groups:: Determining what groups are new. * Subscription Methods:: What Gnus should do with new groups. * Filtering New Groups:: Making Gnus ignore certain new groups. @end menu @node Checking New Groups @subsection Checking New Groups Gnus normally determines whether a group is new or not by comparing the list of groups from the active file(s) with the lists of subscribed and dead groups. This isn't a particularly fast method. If @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} is @code{ask-server}, Gnus will ask the server for new groups since the last time. This is both faster and cheaper. This also means that you can get rid of the list of killed groups altogether, so you may set @code{gnus-save-killed-list} to @code{nil}, which will save time both at startup, at exit, and all over. Saves disk space, too. Why isn't this the default, then? Unfortunately, not all servers support this command. I bet I know what you're thinking now: How do I find out whether my server supports @code{ask-server}? No? Good, because I don't have a fail-safe answer. I would suggest just setting this variable to @code{ask-server} and see whether any new groups appear within the next few days. If any do, then it works. If none do, then it doesn't work. I could write a function to make Gnus guess whether the server supports @code{ask-server}, but it would just be a guess. So I won't. You could @code{telnet} to the server and say @code{HELP} and see whether it lists @samp{NEWGROUPS} among the commands it understands. If it does, then it might work. (But there are servers that lists @samp{NEWGROUPS} without supporting the function properly.) This variable can also be a list of select methods. If so, Gnus will issue an @code{ask-server} command to each of the select methods, and subscribe them (or not) using the normal methods. This might be handy if you are monitoring a few servers for new groups. A side effect is that startup will take much longer, so you can meditate while waiting. Use the mantra ``dingnusdingnusdingnus'' to achieve permanent bliss. @node Subscription Methods @subsection Subscription Methods @vindex gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method What Gnus does when it encounters a new group is determined by the @code{gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method} variable. This variable should contain a function. This function will be called with the name of the new group as the only parameter. Some handy pre-fab functions are: @table @code @item gnus-subscribe-zombies @vindex gnus-subscribe-zombies Make all new groups zombies. This is the default. You can browse the zombies later (with @kbd{A z}) and either kill them all off properly (with @kbd{S z}), or subscribe to them (with @kbd{u}). @item gnus-subscribe-randomly @vindex gnus-subscribe-randomly Subscribe all new groups in arbitrary order. This really means that all new groups will be added at ``the top'' of the group buffer. @item gnus-subscribe-alphabetically @vindex gnus-subscribe-alphabetically Subscribe all new groups in alphabetical order. @item gnus-subscribe-hierarchically @vindex gnus-subscribe-hierarchically Subscribe all new groups hierarchically. The difference between this function and @code{gnus-subscribe-alphabetically} is slight. @code{gnus-subscribe-alphabetically} will subscribe new groups in a strictly alphabetical fashion, while this function will enter groups into it's hierarchy. So if you want to have the @samp{rec} hierarchy before the @samp{comp} hierarchy, this function will not mess that configuration up. Or something like that. @item gnus-subscribe-interactively @vindex gnus-subscribe-interactively Subscribe new groups interactively. This means that Gnus will ask you about @strong{all} new groups. The groups you choose to subscribe to will be subscribed hierarchically. @item gnus-subscribe-killed @vindex gnus-subscribe-killed Kill all new groups. @end table @vindex gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive A closely related variable is @code{gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive}. (That's quite a mouthful.) If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will ask you in a hierarchical fashion whether to subscribe to new groups or not. Gnus will ask you for each sub-hierarchy whether you want to descend the hierarchy or not. One common mistake is to set the variable a few paragraphs above (@code{gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method}) to @code{gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive}. This is an error. This will not work. This is ga-ga. So don't do it. @node Filtering New Groups @subsection Filtering New Groups A nice and portable way to control which new newsgroups should be subscribed (or ignored) is to put an @dfn{options} line at the start of the @file{.newsrc} file. Here's an example: @example options -n !alt.all !rec.all sci.all @end example @vindex gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method This line obviously belongs to a serious-minded intellectual scientific person (or she may just be plain old boring), because it says that all groups that have names beginning with @samp{alt} and @samp{rec} should be ignored, and all groups with names beginning with @samp{sci} should be subscribed. Gnus will not use the normal subscription method for subscribing these groups. @code{gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method} is used instead. This variable defaults to @code{gnus-subscribe-alphabetically}. @vindex gnus-options-not-subscribe @vindex gnus-options-subscribe If you don't want to mess with your @file{.newsrc} file, you can just set the two variables @code{gnus-options-subscribe} and @code{gnus-options-not-subscribe}. These two variables do exactly the same as the @file{.newsrc} @samp{options -n} trick. Both are regexps, and if the new group matches the former, it will be unconditionally subscribed, and if it matches the latter, it will be ignored. @vindex gnus-auto-subscribed-groups Yet another variable that meddles here is @code{gnus-auto-subscribed-groups}. It works exactly like @code{gnus-options-subscribe}, and is therefore really superfluous, but I thought it would be nice to have two of these. This variable is more meant for setting some ground rules, while the other variable is used more for user fiddling. By default this variable makes all new groups that come from mail backends (@code{nnml}, @code{nnbabyl}, @code{nnfolder}, @code{nnmbox}, and @code{nnmh}) subscribed. If you don't like that, just set this variable to @code{nil}. New groups that match this regexp are subscribed using @code{gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method}. @node Changing Servers @section Changing Servers @cindex changing servers Sometimes it is necessary to move from one @sc{nntp} server to another. This happens very rarely, but perhaps you change jobs, or one server is very flaky and you want to use another. Changing the server is pretty easy, right? You just change @code{gnus-select-method} to point to the new server? @emph{Wrong!} Article numbers are not (in any way) kept synchronized between different @sc{nntp} servers, and the only way Gnus keeps track of what articles you have read is by keeping track of article numbers. So when you change @code{gnus-select-method}, your @file{.newsrc} file becomes worthless. Gnus provides a few functions to attempt to translate a @file{.newsrc} file from one server to another. They all have one thing in common---they take a looong time to run. You don't want to use these functions more than absolutely necessary. @kindex M-x gnus-change-server @findex gnus-change-server If you have access to both servers, Gnus can request the headers for all the articles you have read and compare @code{Message-ID}s and map the article numbers of the read articles and article marks. The @kbd{M-x gnus-change-server} command will do this for all your native groups. It will prompt for the method you want to move to. @kindex M-x gnus-group-move-group-to-server @findex gnus-group-move-group-to-server You can also move individual groups with the @kbd{M-x gnus-group-move-group-to-server} command. This is useful if you want to move a (foreign) group from one server to another. @kindex M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups @findex gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups If you don't have access to both the old and new server, all your marks and read ranges have become worthless. You can use the @kbd{M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups} command to clear out all data that you have on your native groups. Use with caution. @node Startup Files @section Startup Files @cindex startup files @cindex .newsrc @cindex .newsrc.el @cindex .newsrc.eld Now, you all know about the @file{.newsrc} file. All subscription information is traditionally stored in this file. Things got a bit more complicated with @sc{gnus}. In addition to keeping the @file{.newsrc} file updated, it also used a file called @file{.newsrc.el} for storing all the information that didn't fit into the @file{.newsrc} file. (Actually, it also duplicated everything in the @file{.newsrc} file.) @sc{gnus} would read whichever one of these files was the most recently saved, which enabled people to swap between @sc{gnus} and other newsreaders. That was kinda silly, so Gnus went one better: In addition to the @file{.newsrc} and @file{.newsrc.el} files, Gnus also has a file called @file{.newsrc.eld}. It will read whichever of these files that are most recent, but it will never write a @file{.newsrc.el} file. You should never delete the @file{.newsrc.eld} file---it contains much information not stored in the @file{.newsrc} file. @vindex gnus-save-newsrc-file You can turn off writing the @file{.newsrc} file by setting @code{gnus-save-newsrc-file} to @code{nil}, which means you can delete the file and save some space, as well as exiting from Gnus faster. However, this will make it impossible to use other newsreaders than Gnus. But hey, who would want to, right? @vindex gnus-save-killed-list If @code{gnus-save-killed-list} (default @code{t}) is @code{nil}, Gnus will not save the list of killed groups to the startup file. This will save both time (when starting and quitting) and space (on disk). It will also mean that Gnus has no record of what groups are new or old, so the automatic new groups subscription methods become meaningless. You should always set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} to @code{nil} or @code{ask-server} if you set this variable to @code{nil} (@pxref{New Groups}). This variable can also be a regular expression. If that's the case, remove all groups that do not match this regexp before saving. This can be useful in certain obscure situations that involve several servers where not all servers support @code{ask-server}. @vindex gnus-startup-file The @code{gnus-startup-file} variable says where the startup files are. The default value is @file{~/.newsrc}, with the Gnus (El Dingo) startup file being whatever that one is, with a @samp{.eld} appended. @vindex gnus-save-newsrc-hook @vindex gnus-save-quick-newsrc-hook @vindex gnus-save-standard-newsrc-hook @code{gnus-save-newsrc-hook} is called before saving any of the newsrc files, while @code{gnus-save-quick-newsrc-hook} is called just before saving the @file{.newsrc.eld} file, and @code{gnus-save-standard-newsrc-hook} is called just before saving the @file{.newsrc} file. The latter two are commonly used to turn version control on or off. Version control is on by default when saving the startup files. If you want to turn backup creation off, say something like: @lisp (defun turn-off-backup () (set (make-local-variable 'backup-inhibited) t)) (add-hook 'gnus-save-quick-newsrc-hook 'turn-off-backup) (add-hook 'gnus-save-standard-newsrc-hook 'turn-off-backup) @end lisp @vindex gnus-init-file When Gnus starts, it will read the @code{gnus-site-init-file} (@file{.../site-lisp/gnus} by default) and @code{gnus-init-file} (@file{~/.gnus} by default) files. These are normal Emacs Lisp files and can be used to avoid cluttering your @file{~/.emacs} and @file{site-init} files with Gnus stuff. Gnus will also check for files with the same names as these, but with @file{.elc} and @file{.el} suffixes. In other words, if you have set @code{gnus-init-file} to @file{~/.gnus}, it will look for @file{~/.gnus.elc}, @file{~/.gnus.el}, and finally @file{~/.gnus} (in this order). @node Auto Save @section Auto Save @cindex dribble file @cindex auto-save Whenever you do something that changes the Gnus data (reading articles, catching up, killing/subscribing groups), the change is added to a special @dfn{dribble buffer}. This buffer is auto-saved the normal Emacs way. If your Emacs should crash before you have saved the @file{.newsrc} files, all changes you have made can be recovered from this file. If Gnus detects this file at startup, it will ask the user whether to read it. The auto save file is deleted whenever the real startup file is saved. @vindex gnus-use-dribble-file If @code{gnus-use-dribble-file} is @code{nil}, Gnus won't create and maintain a dribble buffer. The default is @code{t}. @vindex gnus-dribble-directory Gnus will put the dribble file(s) in @code{gnus-dribble-directory}. If this variable is @code{nil}, which it is by default, Gnus will dribble into the directory where the @file{.newsrc} file is located. (This is normally the user's home directory.) The dribble file will get the same file permissions as the @code{.newsrc} file. @vindex gnus-always-read-dribble-file If @code{gnus-always-read-dribble-file} is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will read the dribble file on startup without querying the user. @node The Active File @section The Active File @cindex active file @cindex ignored groups When Gnus starts, or indeed whenever it tries to determine whether new articles have arrived, it reads the active file. This is a very large file that lists all the active groups and articles on the server. @vindex gnus-ignored-newsgroups Before examining the active file, Gnus deletes all lines that match the regexp @code{gnus-ignored-newsgroups}. This is done primarily to reject any groups with bogus names, but you can use this variable to make Gnus ignore hierarchies you aren't ever interested in. However, this is not recommended. In fact, it's highly discouraged. Instead, @pxref{New Groups} for an overview of other variables that can be used instead. @c This variable is @c @code{nil} by default, and will slow down active file handling somewhat @c if you set it to anything else. @vindex gnus-read-active-file @c @head The active file can be rather Huge, so if you have a slow network, you can set @code{gnus-read-active-file} to @code{nil} to prevent Gnus from reading the active file. This variable is @code{some} by default. Gnus will try to make do by getting information just on the groups that you actually subscribe to. Note that if you subscribe to lots and lots of groups, setting this variable to @code{nil} will probably make Gnus slower, not faster. At present, having this variable @code{nil} will slow Gnus down considerably, unless you read news over a 2400 baud modem. This variable can also have the value @code{some}. Gnus will then attempt to read active info only on the subscribed groups. On some servers this is quite fast (on sparkling, brand new INN servers that support the @code{LIST ACTIVE group} command), on others this isn't fast at all. In any case, @code{some} should be faster than @code{nil}, and is certainly faster than @code{t} over slow lines. If this variable is @code{nil}, Gnus will ask for group info in total lock-step, which isn't very fast. If it is @code{some} and you use an @sc{nntp} server, Gnus will pump out commands as fast as it can, and read all the replies in one swoop. This will normally result in better performance, but if the server does not support the aforementioned @code{LIST ACTIVE group} command, this isn't very nice to the server. In any case, if you use @code{some} or @code{nil}, you should definitely kill all groups that you aren't interested in to speed things up. Note that this variable also affects active file retrieval from secondary select methods. @node Startup Variables @section Startup Variables @table @code @item gnus-load-hook @vindex gnus-load-hook A hook run while Gnus is being loaded. Note that this hook will normally be run just once in each Emacs session, no matter how many times you start Gnus. @item gnus-before-startup-hook @vindex gnus-before-startup-hook A hook run after starting up Gnus successfully. @item gnus-startup-hook @vindex gnus-startup-hook A hook run as the very last thing after starting up Gnus @item gnus-started-hook @vindex gnus-started-hook A hook that is run as the very last thing after starting up Gnus successfully. @item gnus-started-hook @vindex gnus-started-hook A hook that is run after reading the @file{.newsrc} file(s), but before generating the group buffer. @item gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups @vindex gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups If non-@code{nil}, Gnus will check for and delete all bogus groups at startup. A @dfn{bogus group} is a group that you have in your @file{.newsrc} file, but doesn't exist on the news server. Checking for bogus groups can take quite a while, so to save time and resources it's best to leave this option off, and do the checking for bogus groups once in a while from the group buffer instead (@pxref{Group Maintenance}). @item gnus-inhibit-startup-message @vindex gnus-inhibit-startup-message If non-@code{nil}, the startup message won't be displayed. That way, your boss might not notice as easily that you are reading news instead of doing your job. Note that this variable is used before @file{.gnus.el} is loaded, so it should be set in @code{.emacs} instead. @item gnus-no-groups-message @vindex gnus-no-groups-message Message displayed by Gnus when no groups are available. @item gnus-play-startup-jingle @vindex gnus-play-startup-jingle If non-@code{nil}, play the Gnus jingle at startup. @item gnus-startup-jingle @vindex gnus-startup-jingle Jingle to be played if the above variable is non-@code{nil}. The default is @samp{Tuxedomoon.Jingle4.au}. @end table @node The Group Buffer @chapter The Group Buffer @cindex group buffer The @dfn{group buffer} lists all (or parts) of the available groups. It is the first buffer shown when Gnus starts, and will never be killed as long as Gnus is active. @menu * Group Buffer Format:: Information listed and how you can change it. * Group Maneuvering:: Commands for moving in the group buffer. * Selecting a Group:: Actually reading news. * Group Data:: Changing the info for a group. * Subscription Commands:: Unsubscribing, killing, subscribing. * Group Levels:: Levels? What are those, then? * Group Score:: A mechanism for finding out what groups you like. * Marking Groups:: You can mark groups for later processing. * Foreign Groups:: Creating and editing groups. * Group Parameters:: Each group may have different parameters set. * Listing Groups:: Gnus can list various subsets of the groups. * Sorting Groups:: Re-arrange the group order. * Group Maintenance:: Maintaining a tidy @file{.newsrc} file. * Browse Foreign Server:: You can browse a server. See what it has to offer. * Exiting Gnus:: Stop reading news and get some work done. * Group Topics:: A folding group mode divided into topics. * Misc Group Stuff:: Other stuff that you can to do. @end menu @node Group Buffer Format @section Group Buffer Format @menu * Group Line Specification:: Deciding how the group buffer is to look. * Group Modeline Specification:: The group buffer modeline. * Group Highlighting:: Having nice colors in the group buffer. @end menu @node Group Line Specification @subsection Group Line Specification @cindex group buffer format The default format of the group buffer is nice and dull, but you can make it as exciting and ugly as you feel like. Here's a couple of example group lines: @example 25: news.announce.newusers * 0: alt.fan.andrea-dworkin @end example Quite simple, huh? You can see that there are 25 unread articles in @samp{news.announce.newusers}. There are no unread articles, but some ticked articles, in @samp{alt.fan.andrea-dworkin} (see that little asterisk at the beginning of the line?). @vindex gnus-group-line-format You can change that format to whatever you want by fiddling with the @code{gnus-group-line-format} variable. This variable works along the lines of a @code{format} specification, which is pretty much the same as a @code{printf} specifications, for those of you who use (feh!) C. @xref{Formatting Variables}. @samp{%M%S%5y: %(%g%)\n} is the value that produced those lines above. There should always be a colon on the line; the cursor always moves to the colon after performing an operation. Nothing else is required---not even the group name. All displayed text is just window dressing, and is never examined by Gnus. Gnus stores all real information it needs using text properties. (Note that if you make a really strange, wonderful, spreadsheet-like layout, everybody will believe you are hard at work with the accounting instead of wasting time reading news.) Here's a list of all available format characters: @table @samp @item M An asterisk if the group only has marked articles. @item S Whether the group is subscribed. @item L Level of subscribedness. @item N Number of unread articles. @item I Number of dormant articles. @item T Number of ticked articles. @item R Number of read articles. @item t Estimated total number of articles. (This is really @var{max-number} minus @var{min-number} plus 1.) @item y Number of unread, unticked, non-dormant articles. @item i Number of ticked and dormant articles. @item g Full group name. @item G Group name. @item D Newsgroup description. @item o @samp{m} if moderated. @item O @samp{(m)} if moderated. @item s Select method. @item n Select from where. @item z A string that looks like @samp{<%s:%n>} if a foreign select method is used. @item P Indentation based on the level of the topic (@pxref{Group Topics}). @item c @vindex gnus-group-uncollapsed-levels Short (collapsed) group name. The @code{gnus-group-uncollapsed-levels} variable says how many levels to leave at the end of the group name. The default is 1---this will mean that group names like @samp{gnu.emacs.gnus} will be shortened to @samp{g.emacs.gnus}. @item m @vindex gnus-new-mail-mark @cindex % @samp{%} (@code{gnus-new-mail-mark}) if there has arrived new mail to the group lately. @item d A string that says when you last read the group (@pxref{Group Timestamp}). @item u User defined specifier. The next character in the format string should be a letter. Gnus will call the function @code{gnus-user-format-function-}@samp{X}, where @samp{X} is the letter following @samp{%u}. The function will be passed a single dummy parameter as argument. The function should return a string, which will be inserted into the buffer just like information from any other specifier. @end table @cindex * All the ``number-of'' specs will be filled with an asterisk (@samp{*}) if no info is available---for instance, if it is a non-activated foreign group, or a bogus native group. @node Group Modeline Specification @subsection Group Modeline Specification @cindex group modeline @vindex gnus-group-mode-line-format The mode line can be changed by setting @code{gnus-group-mode-line-format} (@pxref{Mode Line Formatting}). It doesn't understand that many format specifiers: @table @samp @item S The native news server. @item M The native select method. @end table @node Group Highlighting @subsection Group Highlighting @cindex highlighting @cindex group highlighting @vindex gnus-group-highlight Highlighting in the group buffer is controlled by the @code{gnus-group-highlight} variable. This is an alist with elements that look like @code{(@var{form} . @var{face})}. If @var{form} evaluates to something non-@code{nil}, the @var{face} will be used on the line. Here's an example value for this variable that might look nice if the background is dark: @lisp (face-spec-set 'my-group-face-1 '((t (:foreground "Red" :bold t)))) (face-spec-set 'my-group-face-2 '((t (:foreground "SeaGreen" :bold t)))) (face-spec-set 'my-group-face-3 '((t (:foreground "SpringGreen" :bold t)))) (face-spec-set 'my-group-face-4 '((t (:foreground "SteelBlue" :bold t)))) (face-spec-set 'my-group-face-5 '((t (:foreground "SkyBlue" :bold t)))) (setq gnus-group-highlight '(((> unread 200) . my-group-face-1) ((and (< level 3) (zerop unread)) . my-group-face-2) ((< level 3) . my-group-face-3) ((zerop unread) . my-group-face-4) (t . my-group-face-5))) @end lisp Also @pxref{Faces and Fonts}. Variables that are dynamically bound when the forms are evaluated include: @table @code @item group The group name. @item unread The number of unread articles in the group. @item method The select method. @item mailp Whether the group is a mail group. @item level The level of the group. @item score The score of the group. @item ticked The number of ticked articles in the group. @item total The total number of articles in the group. Or rather, MAX-NUMBER minus MIN-NUMBER plus one. @item topic When using the topic minor mode, this variable is bound to the current topic being inserted. @end table When the forms are @code{eval}ed, point is at the beginning of the line of the group in question, so you can use many of the normal Gnus functions for snarfing info on the group. @vindex gnus-group-update-hook @findex gnus-group-highlight-line @code{gnus-group-update-hook} is called when a group line is changed. It will not be called when @code{gnus-visual} is @code{nil}. This hook calls @code{gnus-group-highlight-line} by default. @node Group Maneuvering @section Group Maneuvering @cindex group movement All movement commands understand the numeric prefix and will behave as expected, hopefully. @table @kbd @item n @kindex n (Group) @findex gnus-group-next-unread-group Go to the next group that has unread articles (@code{gnus-group-next-unread-group}). @item p @itemx DEL @kindex DEL (Group) @kindex p (Group) @findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group Go to the previous group that has unread articles (@code{gnus-group-prev-unread-group}). @item N @kindex N (Group) @findex gnus-group-next-group Go to the next group (@code{gnus-group-next-group}). @item P @kindex P (Group) @findex gnus-group-prev-group Go to the previous group (@code{gnus-group-prev-group}). @item M-n @kindex M-n (Group) @findex gnus-group-next-unread-group-same-level Go to the next unread group on the same (or lower) level (@code{gnus-group-next-unread-group-same-level}). @item M-p @kindex M-p (Group) @findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group-same-level Go to the previous unread group on the same (or lower) level (@code{gnus-group-prev-unread-group-same-level}). @end table Three commands for jumping to groups: @table @kbd @item j @kindex j (Group) @findex gnus-group-jump-to-group Jump to a group (and make it visible if it isn't already) (@code{gnus-group-jump-to-group}). Killed groups can be jumped to, just like living groups. @item , @kindex , (Group) @findex gnus-group-best-unread-group Jump to the unread group with the lowest level (@code{gnus-group-best-unread-group}). @item . @kindex . (Group) @findex gnus-group-first-unread-group Jump to the first group with unread articles (@code{gnus-group-first-unread-group}). @end table @vindex gnus-group-goto-unread If @code{gnus-group-goto-unread} is @code{nil}, all the movement commands will move to the next group, not the next unread group. Even the commands that say they move to the next unread group. The default is @code{t}. @node Selecting a Group @section Selecting a Group @cindex group selection @table @kbd @item SPACE @kindex SPACE (Group) @findex gnus-group-read-group Select the current group, switch to the summary buffer and display the first unread article (@code{gnus-group-read-group}). If there are no unread articles in the group, or if you give a non-numerical prefix to this command, Gnus will offer to fetch all the old articles in this group from the server. If you give a numerical prefix @var{N}, @var{N} determines the number of articles Gnus will fetch. If @var{N} is positive, Gnus fetches the @var{N} newest articles, if @var{N} is negative, Gnus fetches the @code{abs(@var{N})} oldest articles. @item RET @kindex RET (Group) @findex gnus-group-select-group Select the current group and switch to the summary buffer (@code{gnus-group-select-group}). Takes the same arguments as @code{gnus-group-read-group}---the only difference is that this command does not display the first unread article automatically upon group entry. @item M-RET @kindex M-RET (Group) @findex gnus-group-quick-select-group This does the same as the command above, but tries to do it with the minimum amount of fuzz (@code{gnus-group-quick-select-group}). No scoring/killing will be performed, there will be no highlights and no expunging. This might be useful if you're in a real hurry and have to enter some humongous group. If you give a 0 prefix to this command (i.e., @kbd{0 M-RET}), Gnus won't even generate the summary buffer, which is useful if you want to toggle threading before generating the summary buffer (@pxref{Summary Generation Commands}). @item M-SPACE @kindex M-SPACE (Group) @findex gnus-group-visible-select-group This is yet one more command that does the same as the @kbd{RET} command, but this one does it without expunging and hiding dormants (@code{gnus-group-visible-select-group}). @item M-C-RET @kindex M-C-RET (Group) @findex gnus-group-select-group-ephemerally Finally, this command selects the current group ephemerally without doing any processing of its contents (@code{gnus-group-select-group-ephemerally}). Even threading has been turned off. Everything you do in the group after selecting it in this manner will have no permanent effects. @end table @vindex gnus-large-newsgroup The @code{gnus-large-newsgroup} variable says what Gnus should consider to be a big group. This is 200 by default. If the group has more (unread and/or ticked) articles than this, Gnus will query the user before entering the group. The user can then specify how many articles should be fetched from the server. If the user specifies a negative number (@code{-n}), the @code{n} oldest articles will be fetched. If it is positive, the @code{n} articles that have arrived most recently will be fetched. @vindex gnus-select-group-hook @vindex gnus-auto-select-first @code{gnus-auto-select-first} control whether any articles are selected automatically when entering a group with the @kbd{SPACE} command. @table @code @item nil Don't select any articles when entering the group. Just display the full summary buffer. @item t Select the first unread article when entering the group. @item best Select the highest scored article in the group when entering the group. @end table If you want to prevent automatic selection in some group (say, in a binary group with Huge articles) you can set this variable to @code{nil} in @code{gnus-select-group-hook}, which is called when a group is selected. @node Subscription Commands @section Subscription Commands @cindex subscription @table @kbd @item S t @itemx u @kindex S t (Group) @kindex u (Group) @findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group @c @icon{gnus-group-unsubscribe} Toggle subscription to the current group (@code{gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group}). @item S s @itemx U @kindex S s (Group) @kindex U (Group) @findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-group Prompt for a group to subscribe, and then subscribe it. If it was subscribed already, unsubscribe it instead (@code{gnus-group-unsubscribe-group}). @item S k @itemx C-k @kindex S k (Group) @kindex C-k (Group) @findex gnus-group-kill-group @c @icon{gnus-group-kill-group} Kill the current group (@code{gnus-group-kill-group}). @item S y @itemx C-y @kindex S y (Group) @kindex C-y (Group) @findex gnus-group-yank-group Yank the last killed group (@code{gnus-group-yank-group}). @item C-x C-t @kindex C-x C-t (Group) @findex gnus-group-transpose-groups Transpose two groups (@code{gnus-group-transpose-groups}). This isn't really a subscription command, but you can use it instead of a kill-and-yank sequence sometimes. @item S w @itemx C-w @kindex S w (Group) @kindex C-w (Group) @findex gnus-group-kill-region Kill all groups in the region (@code{gnus-group-kill-region}). @item S z @kindex S z (Group) @findex gnus-group-kill-all-zombies Kill all zombie groups (@code{gnus-group-kill-all-zombies}). @item S C-k @kindex S C-k (Group) @findex gnus-group-kill-level Kill all groups on a certain level (@code{gnus-group-kill-level}). These groups can't be yanked back after killing, so this command should be used with some caution. The only time where this command comes in really handy is when you have a @file{.newsrc} with lots of unsubscribed groups that you want to get rid off. @kbd{S C-k} on level 7 will kill off all unsubscribed groups that do not have message numbers in the @file{.newsrc} file. @end table Also @pxref{Group Levels}. @node Group Data @section Group Data @table @kbd @item c @kindex c (Group) @findex gnus-group-catchup-current @vindex gnus-group-catchup-group-hook @c @icon{gnus-group-catchup-current} Mark all unticked articles in this group as read (@code{gnus-group-catchup-current}). @code{gnus-group-catchup-group-hook} is called when catching up a group from the group buffer. @item C @kindex C (Group) @findex gnus-group-catchup-current-all Mark all articles in this group, even the ticked ones, as read (@code{gnus-group-catchup-current-all}). @item M-c @kindex M-c (Group) @findex gnus-group-clear-data Clear the data from the current group---nix out marks and the list of read articles (@code{gnus-group-clear-data}). @item M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups @kindex M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups @findex gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups If you have switched from one @sc{nntp} server to another, all your marks and read ranges have become worthless. You can use this command to clear out all data that you have on your native groups. Use with caution. @end table @node Group Levels @section Group Levels @cindex group level @cindex level All groups have a level of @dfn{subscribedness}. For instance, if a group is on level 2, it is more subscribed than a group on level 5. You can ask Gnus to just list groups on a given level or lower (@pxref{Listing Groups}), or to just check for new articles in groups on a given level or lower (@pxref{Scanning New Messages}). Remember: The higher the level of the group, the less important it is. @table @kbd @item S l @kindex S l (Group) @findex gnus-group-set-current-level Set the level of the current group. If a numeric prefix is given, the next @var{n} groups will have their levels set. The user will be prompted for a level. @end table @vindex gnus-level-killed @vindex gnus-level-zombie @vindex gnus-level-unsubscribed @vindex gnus-level-subscribed Gnus considers groups from levels 1 to @code{gnus-level-subscribed} (inclusive) (default 5) to be subscribed, @code{gnus-level-subscribed} (exclusive) and @code{gnus-level-unsubscribed} (inclusive) (default 7) to be unsubscribed, @code{gnus-level-zombie} to be zombies (walking dead) (default 8) and @code{gnus-level-killed} to be killed (completely dead) (default 9). Gnus treats subscribed and unsubscribed groups exactly the same, but zombie and killed groups have no information on what articles you have read, etc, stored. This distinction between dead and living groups isn't done because it is nice or clever, it is done purely for reasons of efficiency. It is recommended that you keep all your mail groups (if any) on quite low levels (e.g. 1 or 2). If you want to play with the level variables, you should show some care. Set them once, and don't touch them ever again. Better yet, don't touch them at all unless you know exactly what you're doing. @vindex gnus-level-default-unsubscribed @vindex gnus-level-default-subscribed Two closely related variables are @code{gnus-level-default-subscribed} (default 3) and @code{gnus-level-default-unsubscribed} (default 6), which are the levels that new groups will be put on if they are (un)subscribed. These two variables should, of course, be inside the relevant valid ranges. @vindex gnus-keep-same-level If @code{gnus-keep-same-level} is non-@code{nil}, some movement commands will only move to groups of the same level (or lower). In particular, going from the last article in one group to the next group will go to the next group of the same level (or lower). This might be handy if you want to read the most important groups before you read the rest. @vindex gnus-group-default-list-level All groups with a level less than or equal to @code{gnus-group-default-list-level} will be listed in the group buffer by default. @vindex gnus-group-list-inactive-groups If @code{gnus-group-list-inactive-groups} is non-@code{nil}, non-active groups will be listed along with the unread groups. This variable is @code{t} by default. If it is @code{nil}, inactive groups won't be listed. @vindex gnus-group-use-permanent-levels If @code{gnus-group-use-permanent-levels} is non-@code{nil}, once you give a level prefix to @kbd{g} or @kbd{l}, all subsequent commands will use this level as the ``work'' level. @vindex gnus-activate-level Gnus will normally just activate (i. e., query the server about) groups on level @code{gnus-activate-level} or less. If you don't want to activate unsubscribed groups, for instance, you might set this variable to 5. The default is 6. @node Group Score @section Group Score @cindex group score @cindex group rank @cindex rank You would normally keep important groups on high levels, but that scheme is somewhat restrictive. Don't you wish you could have Gnus sort the group buffer according to how often you read groups, perhaps? Within reason? This is what @dfn{group score} is for. You can assign a score to each group. You can then sort the group buffer based on this score. Alternatively, you can sort on score and then level. (Taken together, the level and the score is called the @dfn{rank} of the group. A group that is on level 4 and has a score of 1 has a higher rank than a group on level 5 that has a score of 300. (The level is the most significant part and the score is the least significant part.)) @findex gnus-summary-bubble-group If you want groups you read often to get higher scores than groups you read seldom you can add the @code{gnus-summary-bubble-group} function to the @code{gnus-summary-exit-hook} hook. This will result (after sorting) in a bubbling sort of action. If you want to see that in action after each summary exit, you can add @code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank} or @code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score} to the same hook, but that will slow things down somewhat. @node Marking Groups @section Marking Groups @cindex marking groups If you want to perform some command on several groups, and they appear subsequently in the group buffer, you would normally just give a numerical prefix to the command. Most group commands will then do your bidding on those groups. However, if the groups are not in sequential order, you can still perform a command on several groups. You simply mark the groups first with the process mark and then execute the command. @table @kbd @item # @kindex # (Group) @itemx M m @kindex M m (Group) @findex gnus-group-mark-group Set the mark on the current group (@code{gnus-group-mark-group}). @item M-# @kindex M-# (Group) @itemx M u @kindex M u (Group) @findex gnus-group-unmark-group Remove the mark from the current group (@code{gnus-group-unmark-group}). @item M U @kindex M U (Group) @findex gnus-group-unmark-all-groups Remove the mark from all groups (@code{gnus-group-unmark-all-groups}). @item M w @kindex M w (Group) @findex gnus-group-mark-region Mark all groups between point and mark (@code{gnus-group-mark-region}). @item M b @kindex M b (Group) @findex gnus-group-mark-buffer Mark all groups in the buffer (@code{gnus-group-mark-buffer}). @item M r @kindex M r (Group) @findex gnus-group-mark-regexp Mark all groups that match some regular expression (@code{gnus-group-mark-regexp}). @end table Also @pxref{Process/Prefix}. @findex gnus-group-universal-argument If you want to execute some command on all groups that have been marked with the process mark, you can use the @kbd{M-&} (@code{gnus-group-universal-argument}) command. It will prompt you for the command to be executed. @node Foreign Groups @section Foreign Groups @cindex foreign groups Below are some group mode commands for making and editing general foreign groups, as well as commands to ease the creation of a few special-purpose groups. All these commands insert the newly created groups under point---@code{gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method} is not consulted. @table @kbd @item G m @kindex G m (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-group @cindex making groups Make a new group (@code{gnus-group-make-group}). Gnus will prompt you for a name, a method and possibly an @dfn{address}. For an easier way to subscribe to @sc{nntp} groups, @pxref{Browse Foreign Server}. @item G r @kindex G r (Group) @findex gnus-group-rename-group @cindex renaming groups Rename the current group to something else (@code{gnus-group-rename-group}). This is valid only on some groups---mail groups mostly. This command might very well be quite slow on some backends. @item G c @kindex G c (Group) @cindex customizing @findex gnus-group-customize Customize the group parameters (@code{gnus-group-customize}). @item G e @kindex G e (Group) @findex gnus-group-edit-group-method @cindex renaming groups Enter a buffer where you can edit the select method of the current group (@code{gnus-group-edit-group-method}). @item G p @kindex G p (Group) @findex gnus-group-edit-group-parameters Enter a buffer where you can edit the group parameters (@code{gnus-group-edit-group-parameters}). @item G E @kindex G E (Group) @findex gnus-group-edit-group Enter a buffer where you can edit the group info (@code{gnus-group-edit-group}). @item G d @kindex G d (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-directory-group @cindex nndir Make a directory group (@pxref{Directory Groups}). You will be prompted for a directory name (@code{gnus-group-make-directory-group}). @item G h @kindex G h (Group) @cindex help group @findex gnus-group-make-help-group Make the Gnus help group (@code{gnus-group-make-help-group}). @item G a @kindex G a (Group) @cindex (ding) archive @cindex archive group @findex gnus-group-make-archive-group @vindex gnus-group-archive-directory @vindex gnus-group-recent-archive-directory Make a Gnus archive group (@code{gnus-group-make-archive-group}). By default a group pointing to the most recent articles will be created (@code{gnus-group-recent-archive-directory}), but given a prefix, a full group will be created from @code{gnus-group-archive-directory}. @item G k @kindex G k (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-kiboze-group @cindex nnkiboze Make a kiboze group. You will be prompted for a name, for a regexp to match groups to be ``included'' in the kiboze group, and a series of strings to match on headers (@code{gnus-group-make-kiboze-group}). @xref{Kibozed Groups}. @item G D @kindex G D (Group) @findex gnus-group-enter-directory @cindex nneething Read an arbitrary directory as if it were a newsgroup with the @code{nneething} backend (@code{gnus-group-enter-directory}). @xref{Anything Groups}. @item G f @kindex G f (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-doc-group @cindex ClariNet Briefs @cindex nndoc Make a group based on some file or other (@code{gnus-group-make-doc-group}). If you give a prefix to this command, you will be prompted for a file name and a file type. Currently supported types are @code{babyl}, @code{mbox}, @code{digest}, @code{mmdf}, @code{news}, @code{rnews}, @code{clari-briefs}, @code{rfc934}, @code{rfc822-forward}, and @code{forward}. If you run this command without a prefix, Gnus will guess at the file type. @xref{Document Groups}. @item G u @kindex G u (Group) @vindex gnus-useful-groups @findex gnus-group-make-useful-group Create one of the groups mentioned in @code{gnus-useful-groups} (@code{gnus-group-make-useful-group}). @item G w @kindex G w (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-web-group @cindex DejaNews @cindex Alta Vista @cindex InReference @cindex nnweb Make an ephemeral group based on a web search (@code{gnus-group-make-web-group}). If you give a prefix to this command, make a solid group instead. You will be prompted for the search engine type and the search string. Valid search engine types include @code{dejanews}, @code{altavista} and @code{reference}. @xref{Web Searches}. If you use the @code{dejanews} search engine, you can limit the search to a particular group by using a match string like @samp{~g alt.sysadmin.recovery shaving}. @item G DEL @kindex G DEL (Group) @findex gnus-group-delete-group This function will delete the current group (@code{gnus-group-delete-group}). If given a prefix, this function will actually delete all the articles in the group, and forcibly remove the group itself from the face of the Earth. Use a prefix only if you are absolutely sure of what you are doing. This command can't be used on read-only groups (like @code{nntp} group), though. @item G V @kindex G V (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-empty-virtual Make a new, fresh, empty @code{nnvirtual} group (@code{gnus-group-make-empty-virtual}). @xref{Virtual Groups}. @item G v @kindex G v (Group) @findex gnus-group-add-to-virtual Add the current group to an @code{nnvirtual} group (@code{gnus-group-add-to-virtual}). Uses the process/prefix convention. @end table @xref{Select Methods}, for more information on the various select methods. @vindex gnus-activate-foreign-newsgroups If @code{gnus-activate-foreign-newsgroups} is a positive number, Gnus will check all foreign groups with this level or lower at startup. This might take quite a while, especially if you subscribe to lots of groups from different @sc{nntp} servers. Also @pxref{Group Levels}; @code{gnus-activate-level} also affects activation of foreign newsgroups. @node Group Parameters @section Group Parameters @cindex group parameters The group parameters store information local to a particular group. Here's an example group parameter list: @example ((to-address . "ding@@gnus.org") (auto-expire . t)) @end example We see that each element consists of a "dotted pair"---the thing before the dot is the key, while the thing after the dot is the value. All the parameters have this form @emph{except} local variable specs, which are not dotted pairs, but proper lists. The following group parameters can be used: @table @code @item to-address @cindex to-address Address used by when doing followups and new posts. @example (to-address . "some@@where.com") @end example This is primarily useful in mail groups that represent closed mailing lists---mailing lists where it's expected that everybody that writes to the mailing list is subscribed to it. Since using this parameter ensures that the mail only goes to the mailing list itself, it means that members won't receive two copies of your followups. Using @code{to-address} will actually work whether the group is foreign or not. Let's say there's a group on the server that is called @samp{fa.4ad-l}. This is a real newsgroup, but the server has gotten the articles from a mail-to-news gateway. Posting directly to this group is therefore impossible---you have to send mail to the mailing list address instead. @item to-list @cindex to-list Address used when doing a @kbd{a} in that group. @example (to-list . "some@@where.com") @end example It is totally ignored when doing a followup---except that if it is present in a news group, you'll get mail group semantics when doing @kbd{f}. If you do an @kbd{a} command in a mail group and you have neither a @code{to-list} group parameter nor a @code{to-address} group parameter, then a @code{to-list} group parameter will be added automatically upon sending the message if @code{gnus-add-to-list} is set to @code{t}. @vindex gnus-add-to-list If you do an @kbd{a} command in a mail group and you don't have a @code{to-list} group parameter, one will be added automatically upon sending the message. @item visible @cindex visible If the group parameter list has the element @code{(visible . t)}, that group will always be visible in the Group buffer, regardless of whether it has any unread articles. @item broken-reply-to @cindex broken-reply-to Elements like @code{(broken-reply-to . t)} signals that @code{Reply-To} headers in this group are to be ignored. This can be useful if you're reading a mailing list group where the listserv has inserted @code{Reply-To} headers that point back to the listserv itself. This is broken behavior. So there! @item to-group @cindex to-group Elements like @code{(to-group . "some.group.name")} means that all posts in that group will be sent to @code{some.group.name}. @item newsgroup @cindex newsgroup If you have @code{(newsgroup . t)} in the group parameter list, Gnus will treat all responses as if they were responses to news articles. This can be useful if you have a mail group that's really a mirror of a news group. @item gcc-self @cindex gcc-self If @code{(gcc-self . t)} is present in the group parameter list, newly composed messages will be @code{Gcc}'d to the current group. If @code{(gcc-self . none)} is present, no @code{Gcc:} header will be generated, if @code{(gcc-self . "string")} is present, this string will be inserted literally as a @code{gcc} header. This parameter takes precedence over any default @code{Gcc} rules as described later (@pxref{Archived Messages}). @item auto-expire @cindex auto-expire If the group parameter has an element that looks like @code{(auto-expire . t)}, all articles read will be marked as expirable. For an alternative approach, @pxref{Expiring Mail}. @item total-expire @cindex total-expire If the group parameter has an element that looks like @code{(total-expire . t)}, all read articles will be put through the expiry process, even if they are not marked as expirable. Use with caution. Unread, ticked and dormant articles are not eligible for expiry. @item expiry-wait @cindex expiry-wait @vindex nnmail-expiry-wait-function If the group parameter has an element that looks like @code{(expiry-wait . 10)}, this value will override any @code{nnmail-expiry-wait} and @code{nnmail-expiry-wait-function} when expiring expirable messages. The value can either be a number of days (not necessarily an integer) or the symbols @code{never} or @code{immediate}. @item score-file @cindex score file group parameter Elements that look like @code{(score-file . "file")} will make @file{file} into the current score file for the group in question. All interactive score entries will be put into this file. @item adapt-file @cindex adapt file group parameter Elements that look like @code{(adapt-file . "file")} will make @file{file} into the current adaptive file for the group in question. All adaptive score entries will be put into this file. @item admin-address When unsubscribing from a mailing list you should never send the unsubscription notice to the mailing list itself. Instead, you'd send messages to the administrative address. This parameter allows you to put the admin address somewhere convenient. @item display Elements that look like @code{(display . MODE)} say which articles to display on entering the group. Valid values are: @table @code @item all Display all articles, both read and unread. @item default Display the default visible articles, which normally includes unread and ticked articles. @end table @item comment Elements that look like @code{(comment . "This is a comment")} are arbitrary comments on the group. They are currently ignored by Gnus, but provide a place for you to store information on particular groups. @item (@var{variable} @var{form}) You can use the group parameters to set variables local to the group you are entering. If you want to turn threading off in @samp{news.answers}, you could put @code{(gnus-show-threads nil)} in the group parameters of that group. @code{gnus-show-threads} will be made into a local variable in the summary buffer you enter, and the form @code{nil} will be @code{eval}ed there. This can also be used as a group-specific hook function, if you'd like. If you want to hear a beep when you enter a group, you could put something like @code{(dummy-variable (ding))} in the parameters of that group. @code{dummy-variable} will be set to the result of the @code{(ding)} form, but who cares? @end table Use the @kbd{G p} command to edit group parameters of a group. You might also be interested in reading about topic parameters (@pxref{Topic Parameters}). @node Listing Groups @section Listing Groups @cindex group listing These commands all list various slices of the groups available. @table @kbd @item l @itemx A s @kindex A s (Group) @kindex l (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-groups List all groups that have unread articles (@code{gnus-group-list-groups}). If the numeric prefix is used, this command will list only groups of level ARG and lower. By default, it only lists groups of level five (i. e., @code{gnus-group-default-list-level}) or lower (i.e., just subscribed groups). @item L @itemx A u @kindex A u (Group) @kindex L (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-all-groups List all groups, whether they have unread articles or not (@code{gnus-group-list-all-groups}). If the numeric prefix is used, this command will list only groups of level ARG and lower. By default, it lists groups of level seven or lower (i.e., just subscribed and unsubscribed groups). @item A l @kindex A l (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-level List all unread groups on a specific level (@code{gnus-group-list-level}). If given a prefix, also list the groups with no unread articles. @item A k @kindex A k (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-killed List all killed groups (@code{gnus-group-list-killed}). If given a prefix argument, really list all groups that are available, but aren't currently (un)subscribed. This could entail reading the active file from the server. @item A z @kindex A z (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-zombies List all zombie groups (@code{gnus-group-list-zombies}). @item A m @kindex A m (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-matching List all unread, subscribed groups with names that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-list-matching}). @item A M @kindex A M (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-all-matching List groups that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-list-all-matching}). @item A A @kindex A A (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-active List absolutely all groups in the active file(s) of the server(s) you are connected to (@code{gnus-group-list-active}). This might very well take quite a while. It might actually be a better idea to do a @kbd{A M} to list all matching, and just give @samp{.} as the thing to match on. Also note that this command may list groups that don't exist (yet)---these will be listed as if they were killed groups. Take the output with some grains of salt. @item A a @kindex A a (Group) @findex gnus-group-apropos List all groups that have names that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-apropos}). @item A d @kindex A d (Group) @findex gnus-group-description-apropos List all groups that have names or descriptions that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-description-apropos}). @end table @vindex gnus-permanently-visible-groups @cindex visible group parameter Groups that match the @code{gnus-permanently-visible-groups} regexp will always be shown, whether they have unread articles or not. You can also add the @code{visible} element to the group parameters in question to get the same effect. @vindex gnus-list-groups-with-ticked-articles Groups that have just ticked articles in it are normally listed in the group buffer. If @code{gnus-list-groups-with-ticked-articles} is @code{nil}, these groups will be treated just like totally empty groups. It is @code{t} by default. @node Sorting Groups @section Sorting Groups @cindex sorting groups @kindex C-c C-s (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups @vindex gnus-group-sort-function The @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups}) command sorts the group buffer according to the function(s) given by the @code{gnus-group-sort-function} variable. Available sorting functions include: @table @code @item gnus-group-sort-by-alphabet @findex gnus-group-sort-by-alphabet Sort the group names alphabetically. This is the default. @item gnus-group-sort-by-real-name @findex gnus-group-sort-by-real-name Sort the group alphabetically on the real (unprefixed) group names. @item gnus-group-sort-by-level @findex gnus-group-sort-by-level Sort by group level. @item gnus-group-sort-by-score @findex gnus-group-sort-by-score Sort by group score. @xref{Group Score}. @item gnus-group-sort-by-rank @findex gnus-group-sort-by-rank Sort by group score and then the group level. The level and the score are, when taken together, the group's @dfn{rank}. @xref{Group Score}. @item gnus-group-sort-by-unread @findex gnus-group-sort-by-unread Sort by number of unread articles. @item gnus-group-sort-by-method @findex gnus-group-sort-by-method Sort alphabetically on the select method. @end table @code{gnus-group-sort-function} can also be a list of sorting functions. In that case, the most significant sort key function must be the last one. There are also a number of commands for sorting directly according to some sorting criteria: @table @kbd @item G S a @kindex G S a (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-alphabet Sort the group buffer alphabetically by group name (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-alphabet}). @item G S u @kindex G S u (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-unread Sort the group buffer by the number of unread articles (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-unread}). @item G S l @kindex G S l (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-level Sort the group buffer by group level (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-level}). @item G S v @kindex G S v (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score Sort the group buffer by group score (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score}). @xref{Group Score}. @item G S r @kindex G S r (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank Sort the group buffer by group rank (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank}). @xref{Group Score}. @item G S m @kindex G S m (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-method Sort the group buffer alphabetically by backend name (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-method}). @end table When given a prefix, all these commands will sort in reverse order. You can also sort a subset of the groups: @table @kbd @item G P a @kindex G P a (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-alphabet Sort the process/prefixed groups in the group buffer alphabetically by group name (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-alphabet}). @item G P u @kindex G P u (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-unread Sort the process/prefixed groups in the group buffer by the number of unread articles (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-unread}). @item G P l @kindex G P l (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-level Sort the process/prefixed groups in the group buffer by group level (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-level}). @item G P v @kindex G P v (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-score Sort the process/prefixed groups in the group buffer by group score (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-score}). @xref{Group Score}. @item G P r @kindex G P r (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-rank Sort the process/prefixed groups in the group buffer by group rank (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-rank}). @xref{Group Score}. @item G P m @kindex G P m (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-method Sort the process/prefixed groups in the group buffer alphabetically by backend name (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-method}). @end table @node Group Maintenance @section Group Maintenance @cindex bogus groups @table @kbd @item b @kindex b (Group) @findex gnus-group-check-bogus-groups Find bogus groups and delete them (@code{gnus-group-check-bogus-groups}). @item F @kindex F (Group) @findex gnus-group-find-new-groups Find new groups and process them (@code{gnus-group-find-new-groups}). With 1 @kbd{C-u}, use the @code{ask-server} method to query the server for new groups. With 2 @kbd{C-u}'s, use most complete method possible to query the server for new groups, and subscribe the new groups as zombies. @item C-c C-x @kindex C-c C-x (Group) @findex gnus-group-expire-articles Run all expirable articles in the current group through the expiry process (if any) (@code{gnus-group-expire-articles}). @item C-c M-C-x @kindex C-c M-C-x (Group) @findex gnus-group-expire-all-groups Run all articles in all groups through the expiry process (@code{gnus-group-expire-all-groups}). @end table @node Browse Foreign Server @section Browse Foreign Server @cindex foreign servers @cindex browsing servers @table @kbd @item B @kindex B (Group) @findex gnus-group-browse-foreign-server You will be queried for a select method and a server name. Gnus will then attempt to contact this server and let you browse the groups there (@code{gnus-group-browse-foreign-server}). @end table @findex gnus-browse-mode A new buffer with a list of available groups will appear. This buffer will use the @code{gnus-browse-mode}. This buffer looks a bit (well, a lot) like a normal group buffer. Here's a list of keystrokes available in the browse mode: @table @kbd @item n @kindex n (Browse) @findex gnus-group-next-group Go to the next group (@code{gnus-group-next-group}). @item p @kindex p (Browse) @findex gnus-group-prev-group Go to the previous group (@code{gnus-group-prev-group}). @item SPACE @kindex SPACE (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-read-group Enter the current group and display the first article (@code{gnus-browse-read-group}). @item RET @kindex RET (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-select-group Enter the current group (@code{gnus-browse-select-group}). @item u @kindex u (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-unsubscribe-current-group Unsubscribe to the current group, or, as will be the case here, subscribe to it (@code{gnus-browse-unsubscribe-current-group}). @item l @itemx q @kindex q (Browse) @kindex l (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-exit Exit browse mode (@code{gnus-browse-exit}). @item ? @kindex ? (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-describe-briefly Describe browse mode briefly (well, there's not much to describe, is there) (@code{gnus-browse-describe-briefly}). @end table @node Exiting Gnus @section Exiting Gnus @cindex exiting Gnus Yes, Gnus is ex(c)iting. @table @kbd @item z @kindex z (Group) @findex gnus-group-suspend Suspend Gnus (@code{gnus-group-suspend}). This doesn't really exit Gnus, but it kills all buffers except the Group buffer. I'm not sure why this is a gain, but then who am I to judge? @item q @kindex q (Group) @findex gnus-group-exit @c @icon{gnus-group-exit} Quit Gnus (@code{gnus-group-exit}). @item Q @kindex Q (Group) @findex gnus-group-quit Quit Gnus without saving the @file{.newsrc} files (@code{gnus-group-quit}). The dribble file will be saved, though (@pxref{Auto Save}). @end table @vindex gnus-exit-gnus-hook @vindex gnus-suspend-gnus-hook @code{gnus-suspend-gnus-hook} is called when you suspend Gnus and @code{gnus-exit-gnus-hook} is called when you quit Gnus, while @code{gnus-after-exiting-gnus-hook} is called as the final item when exiting Gnus. @findex gnus-unload @cindex unloading If you wish to completely unload Gnus and all its adherents, you can use the @code{gnus-unload} command. This command is also very handy when trying to customize meta-variables. Note: @quotation Miss Lisa Cannifax, while sitting in English class, felt her feet go numbly heavy and herself fall into a hazy trance as the boy sitting behind her drew repeated lines with his pencil across the back of her plastic chair. @end quotation @node Group Topics @section Group Topics @cindex topics If you read lots and lots of groups, it might be convenient to group them hierarchically according to topics. You put your Emacs groups over here, your sex groups over there, and the rest (what, two groups or so?) you put in some misc section that you never bother with anyway. You can even group the Emacs sex groups as a sub-topic to either the Emacs groups or the sex groups---or both! Go wild! Here's an example: @example Gnus Emacs -- I wuw it! 3: comp.emacs 2: alt.religion.emacs Naughty Emacs 452: alt.sex.emacs 0: comp.talk.emacs.recovery Misc 8: comp.binaries.fractals 13: comp.sources.unix @end example @findex gnus-topic-mode @kindex t (Group) To get this @emph{fab} functionality you simply turn on (ooh!) the @code{gnus-topic} minor mode---type @kbd{t} in the group buffer. (This is a toggling command.) Go ahead, just try it. I'll still be here when you get back. La de dum... Nice tune, that... la la la... What, you're back? Yes, and now press @kbd{l}. There. All your groups are now listed under @samp{misc}. Doesn't that make you feel all warm and fuzzy? Hot and bothered? If you want this permanently enabled, you should add that minor mode to the hook for the group mode: @lisp (add-hook 'gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnus-topic-mode) @end lisp @menu * Topic Variables:: How to customize the topics the Lisp Way. * Topic Commands:: Interactive E-Z commands. * Topic Sorting:: Sorting each topic individually. * Topic Topology:: A map of the world. * Topic Parameters:: Parameters that apply to all groups in a topic. @end menu @node Topic Variables @subsection Topic Variables @cindex topic variables Now, if you select a topic, it will fold/unfold that topic, which is really neat, I think. @vindex gnus-topic-line-format The topic lines themselves are created according to the @code{gnus-topic-line-format} variable (@pxref{Formatting Variables}). Valid elements are: @table @samp @item i Indentation. @item n Topic name. @item v Visibility. @item l Level. @item g Number of groups in the topic. @item a Number of unread articles in the topic. @item A Number of unread articles in the topic and all its subtopics. @end table @vindex gnus-topic-indent-level Each sub-topic (and the groups in the sub-topics) will be indented with @code{gnus-topic-indent-level} times the topic level number of spaces. The default is 2. @vindex gnus-topic-mode-hook @code{gnus-topic-mode-hook} is called in topic minor mode buffers. @vindex gnus-topic-display-empty-topics The @code{gnus-topic-display-empty-topics} says whether to display even topics that have no unread articles in them. The default is @code{t}. @node Topic Commands @subsection Topic Commands @cindex topic commands When the topic minor mode is turned on, a new @kbd{T} submap will be available. In addition, a few of the standard keys change their definitions slightly. @table @kbd @item T n @kindex T n (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-create-topic Prompt for a new topic name and create it (@code{gnus-topic-create-topic}). @item T m @kindex T m (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-move-group Move the current group to some other topic (@code{gnus-topic-move-group}). This command uses the process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}). @item T c @kindex T c (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-copy-group Copy the current group to some other topic (@code{gnus-topic-copy-group}). This command uses the process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}). @item T D @kindex T D (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-remove-group Remove a group from the current topic (@code{gnus-topic-remove-group}). This command is mainly useful if you have the same group in several topics and wish to remove it from one of the topics. You may also remove a group from all topics, but in that case, Gnus will add it to the root topic the next time you start Gnus. In fact, all new groups (which, naturally, don't belong to any topic) will show up in the root topic. This command uses the process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}). @item T M @kindex T M (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-move-matching Move all groups that match some regular expression to a topic (@code{gnus-topic-move-matching}). @item T C @kindex T C (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-copy-matching Copy all groups that match some regular expression to a topic (@code{gnus-topic-copy-matching}). @item T H @kindex T H (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-toggle-display-empty-topics Toggle hiding empty topics (@code{gnus-topic-toggle-display-empty-topics}). @item T # @kindex T # (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-mark-topic Mark all groups in the current topic with the process mark (@code{gnus-topic-mark-topic}). @item T M-# @kindex T M-# (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-unmark-topic Remove the process mark from all groups in the current topic (@code{gnus-topic-unmark-topic}). @item RET @kindex RET (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-select-group @itemx SPACE Either select a group or fold a topic (@code{gnus-topic-select-group}). When you perform this command on a group, you'll enter the group, as usual. When done on a topic line, the topic will be folded (if it was visible) or unfolded (if it was folded already). So it's basically a toggling command on topics. In addition, if you give a numerical prefix, group on that level (and lower) will be displayed. @item T TAB @itemx TAB @kindex T TAB (Topic) @kindex TAB (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-indent ``Indent'' the current topic so that it becomes a sub-topic of the previous topic (@code{gnus-topic-indent}). If given a prefix, ``un-indent'' the topic instead. @item M-TAB @kindex M-TAB (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-unindent ``Un-indent'' the current topic so that it becomes a sub-topic of the parent of its current parent (@code{gnus-topic-unindent}). @item C-k @kindex C-k (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-kill-group Kill a group or topic (@code{gnus-topic-kill-group}). All groups in the topic will be removed along with the topic. @item C-y @kindex C-y (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-yank-group Yank the previously killed group or topic (@code{gnus-topic-yank-group}). Note that all topics will be yanked before all groups. @item T r @kindex T r (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-rename Rename a topic (@code{gnus-topic-rename}). @item T DEL @kindex T DEL (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-delete Delete an empty topic (@code{gnus-topic-delete}). @item A T @kindex A T (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-list-active List all groups that Gnus knows about in a topics-ified way (@code{gnus-topic-list-active}). @item G p @kindex G p (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-edit-parameters @cindex group parameters @cindex topic parameters @cindex parameters Edit the topic parameters (@code{gnus-topic-edit-parameters}). @xref{Topic Parameters}. @end table @node Topic Sorting @subsection Topic Sorting @cindex topic sorting You can sort the groups in each topic individually with the following commands: @table @kbd @item T S a @kindex T S a (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-alphabet Sort the current topic alphabetically by group name (@code{gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-alphabet}). @item T S u @kindex T S u (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-unread Sort the current topic by the number of unread articles (@code{gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-unread}). @item T S l @kindex T S l (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-level Sort the current topic by group level (@code{gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-level}). @item T S v @kindex T S v (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-score Sort the current topic by group score (@code{gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-score}). @xref{Group Score}. @item T S r @kindex T S r (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-rank Sort the current topic by group rank (@code{gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-rank}). @xref{Group Score}. @item T S m @kindex T S m (Topic) @findex gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-method Sort the current topic alphabetically by backend name (@code{gnus-topic-sort-groups-by-method}). @end table @xref{Sorting Groups}, for more information about group sorting. @node Topic Topology @subsection Topic Topology @cindex topic topology @cindex topology So, let's have a look at an example group buffer: @example Gnus Emacs -- I wuw it! 3: comp.emacs 2: alt.religion.emacs Naughty Emacs 452: alt.sex.emacs 0: comp.talk.emacs.recovery Misc 8: comp.binaries.fractals 13: comp.sources.unix @end example So, here we have one top-level topic (@samp{Gnus}), two topics under that, and one sub-topic under one of the sub-topics. (There is always just one (1) top-level topic). This topology can be expressed as follows: @lisp (("Gnus" visible) (("Emacs -- I wuw it!" visible) (("Naughty Emacs" visible))) (("Misc" visible))) @end lisp @vindex gnus-topic-topology This is in fact how the variable @code{gnus-topic-topology} would look for the display above. That variable is saved in the @file{.newsrc.eld} file, and shouldn't be messed with manually---unless you really want to. Since this variable is read from the @file{.newsrc.eld} file, setting it in any other startup files will have no effect. This topology shows what topics are sub-topics of what topics (right), and which topics are visible. Two settings are currently allowed---@code{visible} and @code{invisible}. @node Topic Parameters @subsection Topic Parameters @cindex topic parameters All groups in a topic will inherit group parameters from the parent (and ancestor) topic parameters. All valid group parameters are valid topic parameters (@pxref{Group Parameters}). Group parameters (of course) override topic parameters, and topic parameters in sub-topics override topic parameters in super-topics. You know. Normal inheritance rules. (@dfn{Rules} is here a noun, not a verb, although you may feel free to disagree with me here.) @example Gnus Emacs 3: comp.emacs 2: alt.religion.emacs 452: alt.sex.emacs Relief 452: alt.sex.emacs 0: comp.talk.emacs.recovery Misc 8: comp.binaries.fractals 13: comp.sources.unix 452: alt.sex.emacs @end example The @samp{Emacs} topic has the topic parameter @code{(score-file . "emacs.SCORE")}; the @samp{Relief} topic has the topic parameter @code{(score-file . "relief.SCORE")}; and the @samp{Misc} topic has the topic parameter @code{(score-file . "emacs.SCORE")}. In addition, @* @samp{alt.religion.emacs} has the group parameter @code{(score-file . "religion.SCORE")}. Now, when you enter @samp{alt.sex.emacs} in the @samp{Relief} topic, you will get the @file{relief.SCORE} home score file. If you enter the same group in the @samp{Emacs} topic, you'll get the @file{emacs.SCORE} home score file. If you enter the group @samp{alt.religion.emacs}, you'll get the @file{religion.SCORE} home score file. This seems rather simple and self-evident, doesn't it? Well, yes. But there are some problems, especially with the @code{total-expiry} parameter. Say you have a mail group in two topics; one with @code{total-expiry} and one without. What happens when you do @kbd{M-x gnus-expire-all-expirable-groups}? Gnus has no way of telling which one of these topics you mean to expire articles from, so anything may happen. In fact, I hereby declare that it is @dfn{undefined} what happens. You just have to be careful if you do stuff like that. @node Misc Group Stuff @section Misc Group Stuff @menu * Scanning New Messages:: Asking Gnus to see whether new messages have arrived. * Group Information:: Information and help on groups and Gnus. * Group Timestamp:: Making Gnus keep track of when you last read a group. * File Commands:: Reading and writing the Gnus files. @end menu @table @kbd @item ^ @kindex ^ (Group) @findex gnus-group-enter-server-mode Enter the server buffer (@code{gnus-group-enter-server-mode}). @xref{The Server Buffer}. @item a @kindex a (Group) @findex gnus-group-post-news Post an article to a group (@code{gnus-group-post-news}). If given a prefix, the current group name will be used as the default. @item m @kindex m (Group) @findex gnus-group-mail Mail a message somewhere (@code{gnus-group-mail}). @end table Variables for the group buffer: @table @code @item gnus-group-mode-hook @vindex gnus-group-mode-hook is called after the group buffer has been created. @item gnus-group-prepare-hook @vindex gnus-group-prepare-hook is called after the group buffer is generated. It may be used to modify the buffer in some strange, unnatural way. @item gnus-group-prepared-hook @vindex gnus-group-prepare-hook is called as the very last thing after the group buffer has been generated. It may be used to move point around, for instance. @item gnus-permanently-visible-groups @vindex gnus-permanently-visible-groups Groups matching this regexp will always be listed in the group buffer, whether they are empty or not. @end table @node Scanning New Messages @subsection Scanning New Messages @cindex new messages @cindex scanning new news @table @kbd @item g @kindex g (Group) @findex gnus-group-get-new-news @c @icon{gnus-group-get-new-news} Check the server(s) for new articles. If the numerical prefix is used, this command will check only groups of level @var{arg} and lower (@code{gnus-group-get-new-news}). If given a non-numerical prefix, this command will force a total re-reading of the active file(s) from the backend(s). @item M-g @kindex M-g (Group) @findex gnus-group-get-new-news-this-group @vindex gnus-goto-next-group-when-activating @c @icon{gnus-group-get-new-news-this-group} Check whether new articles have arrived in the current group (@code{gnus-group-get-new-news-this-group}). @code{gnus-goto-next-group-when-activating} says whether this command is to move point to the next group or not. It is @code{t} by default. @findex gnus-activate-all-groups @cindex activating groups @item C-c M-g @kindex C-c M-g (Group) Activate absolutely all groups (@code{gnus-activate-all-groups}). @item R @kindex R (Group) @cindex restarting @findex gnus-group-restart Restart Gnus (@code{gnus-group-restart}). This saves the @file{.newsrc} file(s), closes the connection to all servers, clears up all run-time Gnus variables, and then starts Gnus all over again. @end table @vindex gnus-get-new-news-hook @code{gnus-get-new-news-hook} is run just before checking for new news. @vindex gnus-after-getting-new-news-hook @code{gnus-after-getting-new-news-hook} is run after checking for new news. @node Group Information @subsection Group Information @cindex group information @cindex information on groups @table @kbd @item H f @kindex H f (Group) @findex gnus-group-fetch-faq @vindex gnus-group-faq-directory @cindex FAQ @cindex ange-ftp Try to fetch the FAQ for the current group (@code{gnus-group-fetch-faq}). Gnus will try to get the FAQ from @code{gnus-group-faq-directory}, which is usually a directory on a remote machine. This variable can also be a list of directories. In that case, giving a prefix to this command will allow you to choose between the various sites. @code{ange-ftp} (or @code{efs}) will be used for fetching the file. If fetching from the first site is unsuccessful, Gnus will attempt to go through @code{gnus-group-faq-directory} and try to open them one by one. @item H d @itemx C-c C-d @c @icon{gnus-group-describe-group} @kindex H d (Group) @kindex C-c C-d (Group) @cindex describing groups @cindex group description @findex gnus-group-describe-group Describe the current group (@code{gnus-group-describe-group}). If given a prefix, force Gnus to re-read the description from the server. @item M-d @kindex M-d (Group) @findex gnus-group-describe-all-groups Describe all groups (@code{gnus-group-describe-all-groups}). If given a prefix, force Gnus to re-read the description file from the server. @item H v @itemx V @kindex V (Group) @kindex H v (Group) @cindex version @findex gnus-version Display current Gnus version numbers (@code{gnus-version}). @item ? @kindex ? (Group) @findex gnus-group-describe-briefly Give a very short help message (@code{gnus-group-describe-briefly}). @item C-c C-i @kindex C-c C-i (Group) @cindex info @cindex manual @findex gnus-info-find-node Go to the Gnus info node (@code{gnus-info-find-node}). @end table @node Group Timestamp @subsection Group Timestamp @cindex timestamps @cindex group timestamps It can be convenient to let Gnus keep track of when you last read a group. To set the ball rolling, you should add @code{gnus-group-set-timestamp} to @code{gnus-select-group-hook}: @lisp (add-hook 'gnus-select-group-hook 'gnus-group-set-timestamp) @end lisp After doing this, each time you enter a group, it'll be recorded. This information can be displayed in various ways---the easiest is to use the @samp{%d} spec in the group line format: @lisp (setq gnus-group-line-format "%M\%S\%p\%P\%5y: %(%-40,40g%) %d\n") @end lisp This will result in lines looking like: @example * 0: mail.ding 19961002T012943 0: custom 19961002T012713 @end example As you can see, the date is displayed in compact ISO 8601 format. This may be a bit too much, so to just display the date, you could say something like: @lisp (setq gnus-group-line-format "%M\%S\%p\%P\%5y: %(%-40,40g%) %6,6~(cut 2)d\n") @end lisp @node File Commands @subsection File Commands @cindex file commands @table @kbd @item r @kindex r (Group) @findex gnus-group-read-init-file @vindex gnus-init-file @cindex reading init file Re-read the init file (@code{gnus-init-file}, which defaults to @file{~/.gnus}) (@code{gnus-group-read-init-file}). @item s @kindex s (Group) @findex gnus-group-save-newsrc @cindex saving .newsrc Save the @file{.newsrc.eld} file (and @file{.newsrc} if wanted) (@code{gnus-group-save-newsrc}). If given a prefix, force saving the file(s) whether Gnus thinks it is necessary or not. @c @item Z @c @kindex Z (Group) @c @findex gnus-group-clear-dribble @c Clear the dribble buffer (@code{gnus-group-clear-dribble}). @end table @node The Summary Buffer @chapter The Summary Buffer @cindex summary buffer A line for each article is displayed in the summary buffer. You can move around, read articles, post articles and reply to articles. The most common way to a summary buffer is to select a group from the group buffer (@pxref{Selecting a Group}). You can have as many summary buffers open as you wish. @menu * Summary Buffer Format:: Deciding how the summary buffer is to look. * Summary Maneuvering:: Moving around the summary buffer. * Choosing Articles:: Reading articles. * Paging the Article:: Scrolling the current article. * Reply Followup and Post:: Posting articles. * Canceling and Superseding:: ``Whoops, I shouldn't have called him that.'' * Marking Articles:: Marking articles as read, expirable, etc. * Limiting:: You can limit the summary buffer. * Threading:: How threads are made. * Sorting:: How articles and threads are sorted. * Asynchronous Fetching:: Gnus might be able to pre-fetch articles. * Article Caching:: You may store articles in a cache. * Persistent Articles:: Making articles expiry-resistant. * Article Backlog:: Having already read articles hang around. * Saving Articles:: Ways of customizing article saving. * Decoding Articles:: Gnus can treat series of (uu)encoded articles. * Article Treatment:: The article buffer can be mangled at will. * Article Commands:: Doing various things with the article buffer. * Summary Sorting:: Sorting the summary buffer in various ways. * Finding the Parent:: No child support? Get the parent. * Alternative Approaches:: Reading using non-default summaries. * Tree Display:: A more visual display of threads. * Mail Group Commands:: Some commands can only be used in mail groups. * Various Summary Stuff:: What didn't fit anywhere else. * Exiting the Summary Buffer:: Returning to the Group buffer. * Crosspost Handling:: How crossposted articles are dealt with. * Duplicate Suppression:: An alternative when crosspost handling fails. @end menu @node Summary Buffer Format @section Summary Buffer Format @cindex summary buffer format @menu * Summary Buffer Lines:: You can specify how summary lines should look. * Summary Buffer Mode Line:: You can say how the mode line should look. * Summary Highlighting:: Making the summary buffer all pretty and nice. @end menu @findex mail-extract-address-components @findex gnus-extract-address-components @vindex gnus-extract-address-components Gnus will use the value of the @code{gnus-extract-address-components} variable as a function for getting the name and address parts of a @code{From} header. Two pre-defined functions exist: @code{gnus-extract-address-components}, which is the default, quite fast, and too simplistic solution; and @code{mail-extract-address-components}, which works very nicely, but is slower. The default function will return the wrong answer in 5% of the cases. If this is unacceptable to you, use the other function instead. @vindex gnus-summary-same-subject @code{gnus-summary-same-subject} is a string indicating that the current article has the same subject as the previous. This string will be used with those specs that require it. The default is @code{""}. @node Summary Buffer Lines @subsection Summary Buffer Lines @vindex gnus-summary-line-format You can change the format of the lines in the summary buffer by changing the @code{gnus-summary-line-format} variable. It works along the same lines as a normal @code{format} string, with some extensions (@pxref{Formatting Variables}). The default string is @samp{%U%R%z%I%(%[%4L: %-20,20n%]%) %s\n}. The following format specification characters are understood: @table @samp @item N Article number. @item S Subject string. @item s Subject if the article is the root of the thread or the previous article had a different subject, @code{gnus-summary-same-subject} otherwise. (@code{gnus-summary-same-subject} defaults to @code{""}.) @item F Full @code{From} header. @item n The name (from the @code{From} header). @item a The name (from the @code{From} header). This differs from the @code{n} spec in that it uses the function designated by the @code{gnus-extract-address-components} variable, which is slower, but may be more thorough. @item A The address (from the @code{From} header). This works the same way as the @code{a} spec. @item L Number of lines in the article. @item c Number of characters in the article. @item I Indentation based on thread level (@pxref{Customizing Threading}). @item T Nothing if the article is a root and lots of spaces if it isn't (it pushes everything after it off the screen). @item [ Opening bracket, which is normally @samp{[}, but can also be @samp{<} for adopted articles (@pxref{Customizing Threading}). @item ] Closing bracket, which is normally @samp{]}, but can also be @samp{>} for adopted articles. @item > One space for each thread level. @item < Twenty minus thread level spaces. @item U Unread. @item R This misleadingly named specifier is the @dfn{secondary mark}. This mark will say whether the article has been replied to, has been cached, or has been saved. @item i Score as a number (@pxref{Scoring}). @item z @vindex gnus-summary-zcore-fuzz Zcore, @samp{+} if above the default level and @samp{-} if below the default level. If the difference between @code{gnus-summary-default-score} and the score is less than @code{gnus-summary-zcore-fuzz}, this spec will not be used. @item V Total thread score. @item x @code{Xref}. @item D @code{Date}. @item d The @code{Date} in @code{DD-MMM} format. @item o The @code{Date} in @var{YYYYMMDD}@code{T}@var{HHMMSS} format. @item M @code{Message-ID}. @item r @code{References}. @item t Number of articles in the current sub-thread. Using this spec will slow down summary buffer generation somewhat. @item e An @samp{=} (@code{gnus-not-empty-thread-mark}) will be displayed if the article has any children. @item P The line number. @item O Download mark. @item u User defined specifier. The next character in the format string should be a letter. Gnus will call the function @code{gnus-user-format-function-}@samp{X}, where @samp{X} is the letter following @samp{%u}. The function will be passed the current header as argument. The function should return a string, which will be inserted into the summary just like information from any other summary specifier. @end table The @samp{%U} (status), @samp{%R} (replied) and @samp{%z} (zcore) specs have to be handled with care. For reasons of efficiency, Gnus will compute what column these characters will end up in, and ``hard-code'' that. This means that it is invalid to have these specs after a variable-length spec. Well, you might not be arrested, but your summary buffer will look strange, which is bad enough. The smart choice is to have these specs as far to the left as possible. (Isn't that the case with everything, though? But I digress.) This restriction may disappear in later versions of Gnus. @node Summary Buffer Mode Line @subsection Summary Buffer Mode Line @vindex gnus-summary-mode-line-format You can also change the format of the summary mode bar (@pxref{Mode Line Formatting}). Set @code{gnus-summary-mode-line-format} to whatever you like. The default is @samp{Gnus: %%b [%A] %Z}. Here are the elements you can play with: @table @samp @item G Group name. @item p Unprefixed group name. @item A Current article number. @item z Current article score. @item V Gnus version. @item U Number of unread articles in this group. @item e Number of unread articles in this group that aren't displayed in the summary buffer. @item Z A string with the number of unread and unselected articles represented either as @samp{<%U(+%e) more>} if there are both unread and unselected articles, and just as @samp{<%U more>} if there are just unread articles and no unselected ones. @item g Shortish group name. For instance, @samp{rec.arts.anime} will be shortened to @samp{r.a.anime}. @item S Subject of the current article. @item u User-defined spec (@pxref{User-Defined Specs}). @item s Name of the current score file (@pxref{Scoring}). @item d Number of dormant articles (@pxref{Unread Articles}). @item t Number of ticked articles (@pxref{Unread Articles}). @item r Number of articles that have been marked as read in this session. @item E Number of articles expunged by the score files. @end table @node Summary Highlighting @subsection Summary Highlighting @table @code @item gnus-visual-mark-article-hook @vindex gnus-visual-mark-article-hook This hook is run after selecting an article. It is meant to be used for highlighting the article in some way. It is not run if @code{gnus-visual} is @code{nil}. @item gnus-summary-update-hook @vindex gnus-summary-update-hook This hook is called when a summary line is changed. It is not run if @code{gnus-visual} is @code{nil}. @item gnus-summary-selected-face @vindex gnus-summary-selected-face This is the face (or @dfn{font} as some people call it) used to highlight the current article in the summary buffer. @item gnus-summary-highlight @vindex gnus-summary-highlight Summary lines are highlighted according to this variable, which is a list where the elements are of the format @code{(@var{FORM} . @var{FACE})}. If you would, for instance, like ticked articles to be italic and high-scored articles to be bold, you could set this variable to something like @lisp (((eq mark gnus-ticked-mark) . italic) ((> score default) . bold)) @end lisp As you may have guessed, if @var{FORM} returns a non-@code{nil} value, @var{FACE} will be applied to the line. @end table @node Summary Maneuvering @section Summary Maneuvering @cindex summary movement All the straight movement commands understand the numeric prefix and behave pretty much as you'd expect. None of these commands select articles. @table @kbd @item G M-n @itemx M-n @kindex M-n (Summary) @kindex G M-n (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-next-unread-subject Go to the next summary line of an unread article (@code{gnus-summary-next-unread-subject}). @item G M-p @itemx M-p @kindex M-p (Summary) @kindex G M-p (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-prev-unread-subject Go to the previous summary line of an unread article (@code{gnus-summary-prev-unread-subject}). @item G j @itemx j @kindex j (Summary) @kindex G j (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-goto-article Ask for an article number or @code{Message-ID}, and then go to that article (@code{gnus-summary-goto-article}). @item G g @kindex G g (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-goto-subject Ask for an article number and then go to the summary line of that article without displaying the article (@code{gnus-summary-goto-subject}). @end table If Gnus asks you to press a key to confirm going to the next group, you can use the @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} keys to move around the group buffer, searching for the next group to read without actually returning to the group buffer. Variables related to summary movement: @table @code @vindex gnus-auto-select-next @item gnus-auto-select-next If you issue one of the movement commands (like @kbd{n}) and there are no more unread articles after the current one, Gnus will offer to go to the next group. If this variable is @code{t} and the next group is empty, Gnus will exit summary mode and return to the group buffer. If this variable is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil}, Gnus will select the next group, no matter whether it has any unread articles or not. As a special case, if this variable is @code{quietly}, Gnus will select the next group without asking for confirmation. If this variable is @code{almost-quietly}, the same will happen only if you are located on the last article in the group. Finally, if this variable is @code{slightly-quietly}, the @kbd{Z n} command will go to the next group without confirmation. Also @pxref{Group Levels}. @item gnus-auto-select-same @vindex gnus-auto-select-same If non-@code{nil}, all the movement commands will try to go to the next article with the same subject as the current. (@dfn{Same} here might mean @dfn{roughly equal}. See @code{gnus-summary-gather-subject-limit} for details (@pxref{Customizing Threading}).) If there are no more articles with the same subject, go to the first unread article. This variable is not particularly useful if you use a threaded display. @item gnus-summary-check-current @vindex gnus-summary-check-current If non-@code{nil}, all the ``unread'' movement commands will not proceed to the next (or previous) article if the current article is unread. Instead, they will choose the current article. @item gnus-auto-center-summary @vindex gnus-auto-center-summary If non-@code{nil}, Gnus will keep the point in the summary buffer centered at all times. This makes things quite tidy, but if you have a slow network connection, or simply do not like this un-Emacsism, you can set this variable to @code{nil} to get the normal Emacs scrolling action. This will also inhibit horizontal re-centering of the summary buffer, which might make it more inconvenient to read extremely long threads. @end table @node Choosing Articles @section Choosing Articles @cindex selecting articles @menu * Choosing Commands:: Commands for choosing articles. * Choosing Variables:: Variables that influence these commands. @end menu @node Choosing Commands @subsection Choosing Commands None of the following movement commands understand the numeric prefix, and they all select and display an article. @table @kbd @item SPACE @kindex SPACE (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-next-page Select the current article, or, if that one's read already, the next unread article (@code{gnus-summary-next-page}). @item G n @itemx n @kindex n (Summary) @kindex G n (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-next-unread-article @c @icon{gnus-summary-next-unread} Go to next unread article (@code{gnus-summary-next-unread-article}). @item G p @itemx p @kindex p (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-prev-unread-article @c @icon{gnus-summary-prev-unread} Go to previous unread article (@code{gnus-summary-prev-unread-article}). @item G N @itemx N @kindex N (Summary) @kindex G N (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-next-article Go to the next article (@code{gnus-summary-next-article}). @item G P @itemx P @kindex P (Summary) @kindex G P (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-prev-article Go to the previous article (@code{gnus-summary-prev-article}). @item G C-n @kindex G C-n (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-next-same-subject Go to the next article with the same subject (@code{gnus-summary-next-same-subject}). @item G C-p @kindex G C-p (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-prev-same-subject Go to the previous article with the same subject (@code{gnus-summary-prev-same-subject}). @item G f @itemx . @kindex G f (Summary) @kindex . (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-first-unread-article Go to the first unread article (@code{gnus-summary-first-unread-article}). @item G b @itemx , @kindex G b (Summary) @kindex , (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-best-unread-article Go to the article with the highest score (@code{gnus-summary-best-unread-article}). @item G l @itemx l @kindex l (Summary) @kindex G l (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-goto-last-article Go to the previous article read (@code{gnus-summary-goto-last-article}). @item G o @kindex G o (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-pop-article @cindex history @cindex article history Pop an article off the summary history and go to this article (@code{gnus-summary-pop-article}). This command differs from the command above in that you can pop as many previous articles off the history as you like, while @kbd{l} toggles the two last read articles. For a somewhat related issue (if you use these commands a lot), @pxref{Article Backlog}. @end table @node Choosing Variables @subsection Choosing Variables Some variables relevant for moving and selecting articles: @table @code @item gnus-auto-extend-newsgroup @vindex gnus-auto-extend-newsgroup All the movement commands will try to go to the previous (or next) article, even if that article isn't displayed in the Summary buffer if this variable is non-@code{nil}. Gnus will then fetch the article from the server and display it in the article buffer. @item gnus-select-article-hook @vindex gnus-select-article-hook This hook is called whenever an article is selected. By default it exposes any threads hidden under the selected article. @item gnus-mark-article-hook @vindex gnus-mark-article-hook @findex gnus-summary-mark-unread-as-read @findex gnus-summary-mark-read-and-unread-as-read @findex gnus-unread-mark This hook is called whenever an article is selected. It is intended to be used for marking articles as read. The default value is @code{gnus-summary-mark-read-and-unread-as-read}, and will change the mark of almost any article you read to @code{gnus-unread-mark}. The only articles not affected by this function are ticked, dormant, and expirable articles. If you'd instead like to just have unread articles marked as read, you can use @code{gnus-summary-mark-unread-as-read} instead. It will leave marks like @code{gnus-low-score-mark}, @code{gnus-del-mark} (and so on) alone. @end table @node Paging the Article @section Scrolling the Article @cindex article scrolling @table @kbd @item SPACE @kindex SPACE (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-next-page Pressing @kbd{SPACE} will scroll the current article forward one page, or, if you have come to the end of the current article, will choose the next article (@code{gnus-summary-next-page}). @item DEL @kindex DEL (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-prev-page Scroll the current article back one page (@code{gnus-summary-prev-page}). @item RET @kindex RET (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-scroll-up Scroll the current article one line forward (@code{gnus-summary-scroll-up}). @item M-RET @kindex M-RET (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-scroll-down Scroll the current article one line backward (@code{gnus-summary-scroll-down}). @item A g @itemx g @kindex A g (Summary) @kindex g (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-show-article (Re)fetch the current article (@code{gnus-summary-show-article}). If given a prefix, fetch the current article, but don't run any of the article treatment functions. This will give you a ``raw'' article, just the way it came from the server. @item A < @itemx < @kindex < (Summary) @kindex A < (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-beginning-of-article Scroll to the beginning of the article (@code{gnus-summary-beginning-of-article}). @item A > @itemx > @kindex > (Summary) @kindex A > (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-end-of-article Scroll to the end of the article (@code{gnus-summary-end-of-article}). @item A s @itemx s @kindex A s (Summary) @kindex s (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-isearch-article Perform an isearch in the article buffer (@code{gnus-summary-isearch-article}). @item h @kindex h (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-select-article-buffer Select the article buffer (@code{gnus-summary-select-article-buffer}). @end table @node Reply Followup and Post @section Reply, Followup and Post @menu * Summary Mail Commands:: Sending mail. * Summary Post Commands:: Sending news. @end menu @node Summary Mail Commands @subsection Summary Mail Commands @cindex mail @cindex composing mail Commands for composing a mail message: @table @kbd @item S r @itemx r @kindex S r (Summary) @kindex r (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-reply @c @icon{gnus-summary-mail-reply} @c @icon{gnus-summary-reply} Mail a reply to the author of the current article (@code{gnus-summary-reply}). @item S R @itemx R @kindex R (Summary) @kindex S R (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-reply-with-original @c @icon{gnus-summary-reply-with-original} Mail a reply to the author of the current article and include the original message (@code{gnus-summary-reply-with-original}). This command uses the process/prefix convention. @item S w @kindex S w (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-wide-reply Mail a wide reply to the author of the current article (@code{gnus-summary-wide-reply}). A @dfn{wide reply} is a reply that goes out to all people listed in the @code{To}, @code{From} (or @code{Reply-to}) and @code{Cc} headers. @item S W @kindex S W (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-wide-reply-with-original Mail a wide reply to the current article and include the original message (@code{gnus-summary-reply-with-original}). This command uses the process/prefix convention. @item S o m @kindex S o m (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-mail-forward @c @icon{gnus-summary-mail-forward} Forward the current article to some other person (@code{gnus-summary-mail-forward}). If given a prefix, include the full headers of the forwarded article. @item S m @itemx m @kindex m (Summary) @kindex S m (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-mail-other-window @c @icon{gnus-summary-mail-originate} Send a mail to some other person (@code{gnus-summary-mail-other-window}). @item S D b @kindex S D b (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-resend-bounced-mail @cindex bouncing mail If you have sent a mail, but the mail was bounced back to you for some reason (wrong address, transient failure), you can use this command to resend that bounced mail (@code{gnus-summary-resend-bounced-mail}). You will be popped into a mail buffer where you can edit the headers before sending the mail off again. If you give a prefix to this command, and the bounced mail is a reply to some other mail, Gnus will try to fetch that mail and display it for easy perusal of its headers. This might very well fail, though. @item S D r @kindex S D r (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-resend-message Not to be confused with the previous command, @code{gnus-summary-resend-message} will prompt you for an address to send the current message off to, and then send it to that place. The headers of the message won't be altered---but lots of headers that say @code{Resent-To}, @code{Resent-From} and so on will be added. This means that you actually send a mail to someone that has a @code{To} header that (probably) points to yourself. This will confuse people. So, natcherly you'll only do that if you're really eVIl. This command is mainly used if you have several accounts and want to ship a mail to a different account of yours. (If you're both @code{root} and @code{postmaster} and get a mail for @code{postmaster} to the @code{root} account, you may want to resend it to @code{postmaster}. Ordnung muß sein! This command understands the process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}). @item S O m @kindex S O m (Summary) @findex gnus-uu-digest-mail-forward Digest the current series (@pxref{Decoding Articles}) and forward the result using mail (@code{gnus-uu-digest-mail-forward}). This command uses the process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}). @item S M-c @kindex S M-c (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-mail-crosspost-complaint @cindex crossposting @cindex excessive crossposting Send a complaint about excessive crossposting to the author of the current article (@code{gnus-summary-mail-crosspost-complaint}). @findex gnus-crosspost-complaint This command is provided as a way to fight back against the current crossposting pandemic that's sweeping Usenet. It will compose a reply using the @code{gnus-crosspost-complaint} variable as a preamble. This command understands the process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}) and will prompt you before sending each mail. @end table Also @pxref{(message)Header Commands} for more information. @node Summary Post Commands @subsection Summary Post Commands @cindex post @cindex composing news Commands for posting a news article: @table @kbd @item S p @itemx a @kindex a (Summary) @kindex S p (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-post-news @c @icon{gnus-summary-post-news} Post an article to the current group (@code{gnus-summary-post-news}). @item S f @itemx f @kindex f (Summary) @kindex S f (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-followup @c @icon{gnus-summary-followup} Post a followup to the current article (@code{gnus-summary-followup}). @item S F @itemx F @kindex S F (Summary) @kindex F (Summary) @c @icon{gnus-summary-followup-with-original} @findex gnus-summary-followup-with-original Post a followup to the current article and include the original message (@code{gnus-summary-followup-with-original}). This command uses the process/prefix convention. @item S n @kindex S n (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-followup-to-mail Post a followup to the current article via news, even if you got the message through mail (@code{gnus-summary-followup-to-mail}). @item S N @kindex S N (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-followup-to-mail-with-original Post a followup to the current article via news, even if you got the message through mail and include the original message (@code{gnus-summary-followup-to-mail-with-original}). This command uses the process/prefix convention. @item S o p @kindex S o p (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-post-forward Forward the current article to a newsgroup (@code{gnus-summary-post-forward}). If given a prefix, include the full headers of the forwarded article. @item S O p @kindex S O p (Summary) @findex gnus-uu-digest-post-forward @cindex digests @cindex making digests Digest the current series and forward the result to a newsgroup (@code{gnus-uu-digest-mail-forward}). This command uses the process/prefix convention. @item S u @kindex S u (Summary) @findex gnus-uu-post-news @c @icon{gnus-uu-post-news} Uuencode a file, split it into parts, and post it as a series (@code{gnus-uu-post-news}). (@pxref{Uuencoding and Posting}). @end table Also @pxref{(message)Header Commands} for more information. @node Canceling and Superseding @section Canceling Articles @cindex canceling articles @cindex superseding articles Have you ever written something, and then decided that you really, really, really wish you hadn't posted that? Well, you can't cancel mail, but you can cancel posts. @findex gnus-summary-cancel-article @kindex C (Summary) @c @icon{gnus-summary-cancel-article} Find the article you wish to cancel (you can only cancel your own articles, so don't try any funny stuff). Then press @kbd{C} or @kbd{S c} (@code{gnus-summary-cancel-article}). Your article will be canceled---machines all over the world will be deleting your article. This command uses the process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}). Be aware, however, that not all sites honor cancels, so your article may live on here and there, while most sites will delete the article in question. Gnus will use the ``current'' select method when canceling. If you want to use the standard posting method, use the @samp{a} symbolic prefix (@pxref{Symbolic Prefixes}). If you discover that you have made some mistakes and want to do some corrections, you can post a @dfn{superseding} article that will replace your original article. @findex gnus-summary-supersede-article @kindex S (Summary) Go to the original article and press @kbd{S s} (@code{gnus-summary-supersede-article}). You will be put in a buffer where you can edit the article all you want before sending it off the usual way. The same goes for superseding as for canceling, only more so: Some sites do not honor superseding. On those sites, it will appear that you have posted almost the same article twice. If you have just posted the article, and change your mind right away, there is a trick you can use to cancel/supersede the article without waiting for the article to appear on your site first. You simply return to the post buffer (which is called @code{*sent ...*}). There you will find the article you just posted, with all the headers intact. Change the @code{Message-ID} header to a @code{Cancel} or @code{Supersedes} header by substituting one of those words for the word @code{Message-ID}. Then just press @kbd{C-c C-c} to send the article as you would do normally. The previous article will be canceled/superseded. Just remember, kids: There is no 'c' in 'supersede'. @node Marking Articles @section Marking Articles @cindex article marking @cindex article ticking @cindex marks There are several marks you can set on an article. You have marks that decide the @dfn{readedness} (whoo, neato-keano neologism ohoy!) of the article. Alphabetic marks generally mean @dfn{read}, while non-alphabetic characters generally mean @dfn{unread}. In addition, you also have marks that do not affect readedness. @menu * Unread Articles:: Marks for unread articles. * Read Articles:: Marks for read articles. * Other Marks:: Marks that do not affect readedness. @end menu @ifinfo There's a plethora of commands for manipulating these marks: @end ifinfo @menu * Setting Marks:: How to set and remove marks. * Setting Process Marks:: How to mark articles for later processing. @end menu @node Unread Articles @subsection Unread Articles The following marks mark articles as (kinda) unread, in one form or other. @table @samp @item ! @vindex gnus-ticked-mark Marked as ticked (@code{gnus-ticked-mark}). @dfn{Ticked articles} are articles that will remain visible always. If you see an article that you find interesting, or you want to put off reading it, or replying to it, until sometime later, you'd typically tick it. However, articles can be expired, so if you want to keep an article forever, you'll have to make it persistent (@pxref{Persistent Articles}). @item ? @vindex gnus-dormant-mark Marked as dormant (@code{gnus-dormant-mark}). @dfn{Dormant articles} will only appear in the summary buffer if there are followups to it. If you want to see them even if they don't have followups, you can use the @kbd{/ D} command (@pxref{Limiting}). @item SPACE @vindex gnus-unread-mark Marked as unread (@code{gnus-unread-mark}). @dfn{Unread articles} are articles that haven't been read at all yet. @end table @node Read Articles @subsection Read Articles @cindex expirable mark All the following marks mark articles as read. @table @samp @item r @vindex gnus-del-mark These are articles that the user has marked as read with the @kbd{d} command manually, more or less (@code{gnus-del-mark}). @item R @vindex gnus-read-mark Articles that have actually been read (@code{gnus-read-mark}). @item O @vindex gnus-ancient-mark Articles that were marked as read in previous sessions and are now @dfn{old} (@code{gnus-ancient-mark}). @item K @vindex gnus-killed-mark Marked as killed (@code{gnus-killed-mark}). @item X @vindex gnus-kill-file-mark Marked as killed by kill files (@code{gnus-kill-file-mark}). @item Y @vindex gnus-low-score-mark Marked as read by having too low a score (@code{gnus-low-score-mark}). @item C @vindex gnus-catchup-mark Marked as read by a catchup (@code{gnus-catchup-mark}). @item G @vindex gnus-canceled-mark Canceled article (@code{gnus-canceled-mark}) @item F @vindex gnus-souped-mark @sc{soup}ed article (@code{gnus-souped-mark}). @xref{SOUP}. @item Q @vindex gnus-sparse-mark Sparsely reffed article (@code{gnus-sparse-mark}). @xref{Customizing Threading}. @item M @vindex gnus-duplicate-mark Article marked as read by duplicate suppression (@code{gnus-duplicated-mark}). @xref{Duplicate Suppression}. @end table All these marks just mean that the article is marked as read, really. They are interpreted differently when doing adaptive scoring, though. One more special mark, though: @table @samp @item E @vindex gnus-expirable-mark Marked as expirable (@code{gnus-expirable-mark}). Marking articles as @dfn{expirable} (or have them marked as such automatically) doesn't make much sense in normal groups---a user doesn't control expiring of news articles, but in mail groups, for instance, articles marked as @dfn{expirable} can be deleted by Gnus at any time. @end table @node Other Marks @subsection Other Marks @cindex process mark @cindex bookmarks There are some marks that have nothing to do with whether the article is read or not. @itemize @bullet @item You can set a bookmark in the current article. Say you are reading a long thesis on cats' urinary tracts, and have to go home for dinner before you've finished reading the thesis. You can then set a bookmark in the article, and Gnus will jump to this bookmark the next time it encounters the article. @xref{Setting Marks}. @item @vindex gnus-replied-mark All articles that you have replied to or made a followup to (i.e., have answered) will be marked with an @samp{A} in the second column (@code{gnus-replied-mark}). @item @vindex gnus-cached-mark Articles stored in the article cache will be marked with an @samp{*} in the second column (@code{gnus-cached-mark}). @xref{Article Caching}. @item @vindex gnus-saved-mark Articles ``saved'' (in some manner or other; not necessarily religiously) are marked with an @samp{S} in the second column (@code{gnus-saved-mark}). @item @vindex gnus-not-empty-thread-mark @vindex gnus-empty-thread-mark If the @samp{%e} spec is used, the presence of threads or not will be marked with @code{gnus-not-empty-thread-mark} and @code{gnus-empty-thread-mark} in the third column, respectively. @item @vindex gnus-process-mark Finally we have the @dfn{process mark} (@code{gnus-process-mark}). A variety of commands react to the presence of the process mark. For instance, @kbd{X u} (@code{gnus-uu-decode-uu}) will uudecode and view all articles that have been marked with the process mark. Articles marked with the process mark have a @samp{#} in the second column. @end itemize You might have noticed that most of these ``non-readedness'' marks appear in the second column by default. So if you have a cached, saved, replied article that you have process-marked, what will that look like? Nothing much. The precedence rules go as follows: process -> cache -> replied -> saved. So if the article is in the cache and is replied, you'll only see the cache mark and not the replied mark. @node Setting Marks @subsection Setting Marks @cindex setting marks All the marking commands understand the numeric prefix. @table @kbd @item M c @itemx M-u @kindex M c (Summary) @kindex M-u (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-clear-mark-forward @cindex mark as unread Clear all readedness-marks from the current article (@code{gnus-summary-clear-mark-forward}). In other words, mark the article as unread. @item M t @itemx ! @kindex ! (Summary) @kindex M t (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-tick-article-forward Tick the current article (@code{gnus-summary-tick-article-forward}). @xref{Article Caching}. @item M ? @itemx ? @kindex ? (Summary) @kindex M ? (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-mark-as-dormant Mark the current article as dormant (@code{gnus-summary-mark-as-dormant}). @xref{Article Caching}. @item M d @itemx d @kindex M d (Summary) @kindex d (Summary) @findex gnus-summary-mark-as-read-forward Mark the current article as read (@code{gnus-summary-mark-as-read-forward}). @item D @kindex D (Summary) @find