\input texinfo @setfilename ../info/gnus @settitle Gnus Manual @syncodeindex fn cp @syncodeindex vr cp @syncodeindex pg cp @copying Copyright @copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License'' in the Emacs manual. (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License. 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\end{titlepage} @end iflatex @end iftex @ifnottex @insertcopying @end ifnottex @dircategory Emacs @direntry * Gnus: (gnus). The newsreader Gnus. @end direntry @iftex @finalout @end iftex @setchapternewpage odd @titlepage @title Gnus Manual @author by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying @end titlepage @node Top @top The Gnus Newsreader @ifinfo You can read news (and mail) from within Emacs by using Gnus. The news can be gotten by any nefarious means you can think of---@acronym{NNTP}, local spool or your mbox file. All at the same time, if you want to push your luck. @c Adjust ../Makefile.in if you change the following line: This manual corresponds to Gnus v5.11. @c See also below in the iftex branch... @end ifinfo @iftex @iflatex \tableofcontents \gnuscleardoublepage @end iflatex Gnus is the advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible unreal-time newsreader for GNU Emacs. Oops. That sounds oddly familiar, so let's start over again to avoid being accused of plagiarism: Gnus is a message-reading laboratory. It will let you look at just about anything as if it were a newsgroup. You can read mail with it, you can browse directories with it, you can @code{ftp} with it---you can even read news with it! Gnus tries to empower people who read news the same way Emacs empowers people who edit text. Gnus sets no limits to what the user should be allowed to do. Users are encouraged to extend Gnus to make it behave like they want it to behave. A program should not control people; people should be empowered to do what they want by using (or abusing) the program. @c Adjust ../Makefile.in if you change the following line: This manual corresponds to Gnus v5.11. @heading Other related manuals @itemize @item Message manual: Composing messages @item Emacs-MIME: Composing messages; @acronym{MIME}-specific parts. @item Sieve: Managing Sieve scripts in Emacs. @item PGG: @acronym{PGP/MIME} with Gnus. @end itemize @end iftex @menu * Starting Up:: Finding news can be a pain. * Group Buffer:: Selecting, subscribing and killing groups. * Summary Buffer:: Reading, saving and posting articles. * Article Buffer:: Displaying and handling articles. * Composing Messages:: Information on sending mail and news. * Select Methods:: Gnus reads all messages from various select methods. * Scoring:: Assigning values to articles. * Various:: General purpose settings. * The End:: Farewell and goodbye. * Appendices:: Terminology, Emacs intro, @acronym{FAQ}, History, Internals. * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. * Index:: Variable, function and concept index. * Key Index:: Key Index. Other related manuals * Message:(message). Composing messages. * Emacs-MIME:(emacs-mime). Composing messages; @acronym{MIME}-specific parts. * Sieve:(sieve). Managing Sieve scripts in Emacs. * PGG:(pgg). @acronym{PGP/MIME} with Gnus. @detailmenu --- The Detailed Node Listing --- Starting Gnus * Finding the News:: Choosing a method for getting news. * The First Time:: What does Gnus do the first time you start it? * The Server is Down:: How can I read my mail then? * Slave Gnusae:: You can have more than one Gnus active at a time. * Fetching a Group:: Starting Gnus just to read a group. * New Groups:: What is Gnus supposed to do with new groups? * Changing Servers:: You may want to move from one server to another. * Startup Files:: Those pesky startup files---@file{.newsrc}. * Auto Save:: Recovering from a crash. * The Active File:: Reading the active file over a slow line Takes Time. * Startup Variables:: Other variables you might change. New Groups * Checking New Groups:: Determining what groups are new. * Subscription Methods:: What Gnus should do with new groups. * Filtering New Groups:: Making Gnus ignore certain new groups. Group Buffer * Group Buffer Format:: Information listed and how you can change it. * Group Maneuvering:: Commands for moving in the group buffer. * Selecting a Group:: Actually reading news. * Subscription Commands:: Unsubscribing, killing, subscribing. * Group Data:: Changing the info for a group. * Group Levels:: Levels? What are those, then? * Group Score:: A mechanism for finding out what groups you like. * Marking Groups:: You can mark groups for later processing. * Foreign Groups:: Creating and editing groups. * Group Parameters:: Each group may have different parameters set. * Listing Groups:: Gnus can list various subsets of the groups. * Sorting Groups:: Re-arrange the group order. * Group Maintenance:: Maintaining a tidy @file{.newsrc} file. * Browse Foreign Server:: You can browse a server. See what it has to offer. * Exiting Gnus:: Stop reading news and get some work done. * Group Topics:: A folding group mode divided into topics. * Misc Group Stuff:: Other stuff that you can to do. Group Buffer Format * Group Line Specification:: Deciding how the group buffer is to look. * Group Mode Line Specification:: The group buffer mode line. * Group Highlighting:: Having nice colors in the group buffer. Group Topics * Topic Commands:: Interactive E-Z commands. * Topic Variables:: How to customize the topics the Lisp Way. * Topic Sorting:: Sorting each topic individually. * Topic Topology:: A map of the world. * Topic Parameters:: Parameters that apply to all groups in a topic. Misc Group Stuff * Scanning New Messages:: Asking Gnus to see whether new messages have arrived. * Group Information:: Information and help on groups and Gnus. * Group Timestamp:: Making Gnus keep track of when you last read a group. * File Commands:: Reading and writing the Gnus files. * Sieve Commands:: Managing Sieve scripts. Summary Buffer * Summary Buffer Format:: Deciding how the summary buffer is to look. * Summary Maneuvering:: Moving around the summary buffer. * Choosing Articles:: Reading articles. * Paging the Article:: Scrolling the current article. * Reply Followup and Post:: Posting articles. * Delayed Articles:: Send articles at a later time. * Marking Articles:: Marking articles as read, expirable, etc. * Limiting:: You can limit the summary buffer. * Threading:: How threads are made. * Sorting the Summary Buffer:: How articles and threads are sorted. * Asynchronous Fetching:: Gnus might be able to pre-fetch articles. * Article Caching:: You may store articles in a cache. * Persistent Articles:: Making articles expiry-resistant. * Article Backlog:: Having already read articles hang around. * Saving Articles:: Ways of customizing article saving. * Decoding Articles:: Gnus can treat series of (uu)encoded articles. * Article Treatment:: The article buffer can be mangled at will. * MIME Commands:: Doing MIMEy things with the articles. * Charsets:: Character set issues. * Article Commands:: Doing various things with the article buffer. * Summary Sorting:: Sorting the summary buffer in various ways. * Finding the Parent:: No child support? Get the parent. * Alternative Approaches:: Reading using non-default summaries. * Tree Display:: A more visual display of threads. * Mail Group Commands:: Some commands can only be used in mail groups. * Various Summary Stuff:: What didn't fit anywhere else. * Exiting the Summary Buffer:: Returning to the Group buffer, or reselecting the current group. * Crosspost Handling:: How crossposted articles are dealt with. * Duplicate Suppression:: An alternative when crosspost handling fails. * Security:: Decrypt and Verify. * Mailing List:: Mailing list minor mode. Summary Buffer Format * Summary Buffer Lines:: You can specify how summary lines should look. * To From Newsgroups:: How to not display your own name. * Summary Buffer Mode Line:: You can say how the mode line should look. * Summary Highlighting:: Making the summary buffer all pretty and nice. Choosing Articles * Choosing Commands:: Commands for choosing articles. * Choosing Variables:: Variables that influence these commands. Reply, Followup and Post * Summary Mail Commands:: Sending mail. * Summary Post Commands:: Sending news. * Summary Message Commands:: Other Message-related commands. * Canceling and Superseding:: Marking Articles * Unread Articles:: Marks for unread articles. * Read Articles:: Marks for read articles. * Other Marks:: Marks that do not affect readedness. * Setting Marks:: How to set and remove marks. * Generic Marking Commands:: How to customize the marking. * Setting Process Marks:: How to mark articles for later processing. Threading * Customizing Threading:: Variables you can change to affect the threading. * Thread Commands:: Thread based commands in the summary buffer. Customizing Threading * Loose Threads:: How Gnus gathers loose threads into bigger threads. * Filling In Threads:: Making the threads displayed look fuller. * More Threading:: Even more variables for fiddling with threads. * Low-Level Threading:: You thought it was over@dots{} but you were wrong! Decoding Articles * Uuencoded Articles:: Uudecode articles. * Shell Archives:: Unshar articles. * PostScript Files:: Split PostScript. * Other Files:: Plain save and binhex. * Decoding Variables:: Variables for a happy decoding. * Viewing Files:: You want to look at the result of the decoding? Decoding Variables * Rule Variables:: Variables that say how a file is to be viewed. * Other Decode Variables:: Other decode variables. * Uuencoding and Posting:: Variables for customizing uuencoding. Article Treatment * Article Highlighting:: You want to make the article look like fruit salad. * Article Fontisizing:: Making emphasized text look nice. * Article Hiding:: You also want to make certain info go away. * Article Washing:: Lots of way-neat functions to make life better. * Article Header:: Doing various header transformations. * Article Buttons:: Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like. * Article Button Levels:: Controlling appearance of buttons. * Article Date:: Grumble, UT! * Article Display:: Display various stuff---X-Face, Picons, Smileys * Article Signature:: What is a signature? * Article Miscellanea:: Various other stuff. Alternative Approaches * Pick and Read:: First mark articles and then read them. * Binary Groups:: Auto-decode all articles. Various Summary Stuff * Summary Group Information:: Information oriented commands. * Searching for Articles:: Multiple article commands. * Summary Generation Commands:: * Really Various Summary Commands:: Those pesky non-conformant commands. Article Buffer * Hiding Headers:: Deciding what headers should be displayed. * Using MIME:: Pushing articles through @acronym{MIME} before reading them. * Customizing Articles:: Tailoring the look of the articles. * Article Keymap:: Keystrokes available in the article buffer. * Misc Article:: Other stuff. Composing Messages * Mail:: Mailing and replying. * Posting Server:: What server should you post and mail via? * POP before SMTP:: You cannot send a mail unless you read a mail. * Mail and Post:: Mailing and posting at the same time. * Archived Messages:: Where Gnus stores the messages you've sent. * Posting Styles:: An easier way to specify who you are. * Drafts:: Postponing messages and rejected messages. * Rejected Articles:: What happens if the server doesn't like your article? * Signing and encrypting:: How to compose secure messages. Select Methods * Server Buffer:: Making and editing virtual servers. * Getting News:: Reading USENET news with Gnus. * Getting Mail:: Reading your personal mail with Gnus. * Browsing the Web:: Getting messages from a plethora of Web sources. * IMAP:: Using Gnus as a @acronym{IMAP} client. * Other Sources:: Reading directories, files, SOUP packets. * Combined Groups:: Combining groups into one group. * Email Based Diary:: Using mails to manage diary events in Gnus. * Gnus Unplugged:: Reading news and mail offline. Server Buffer * Server Buffer Format:: You can customize the look of this buffer. * Server Commands:: Commands to manipulate servers. * Example Methods:: Examples server specifications. * Creating a Virtual Server:: An example session. * Server Variables:: Which variables to set. * Servers and Methods:: You can use server names as select methods. * Unavailable Servers:: Some servers you try to contact may be down. Getting News * NNTP:: Reading news from an @acronym{NNTP} server. * News Spool:: Reading news from the local spool. @acronym{NNTP} * Direct Functions:: Connecting directly to the server. * Indirect Functions:: Connecting indirectly to the server. * Common Variables:: Understood by several connection functions. Getting Mail * Mail in a Newsreader:: Important introductory notes. * Getting Started Reading Mail:: A simple cookbook example. * Splitting Mail:: How to create mail groups. * Mail Sources:: How to tell Gnus where to get mail from. * Mail Back End Variables:: Variables for customizing mail handling. * Fancy Mail Splitting:: Gnus can do hairy splitting of incoming mail. * Group Mail Splitting:: Use group customize to drive mail splitting. * Incorporating Old Mail:: What about the old mail you have? * Expiring Mail:: Getting rid of unwanted mail. * Washing Mail:: Removing cruft from the mail you get. * Duplicates:: Dealing with duplicated mail. * Not Reading Mail:: Using mail back ends for reading other files. * Choosing a Mail Back End:: Gnus can read a variety of mail formats. Mail Sources * Mail Source Specifiers:: How to specify what a mail source is. * Mail Source Customization:: Some variables that influence things. * Fetching Mail:: Using the mail source specifiers. Choosing a Mail Back End * Unix Mail Box:: Using the (quite) standard Un*x mbox. * Rmail Babyl:: Emacs programs use the Rmail Babyl format. * Mail Spool:: Store your mail in a private spool? * MH Spool:: An mhspool-like back end. * Maildir:: Another one-file-per-message format. * Mail Folders:: Having one file for each group. * Comparing Mail Back Ends:: An in-depth looks at pros and cons. Browsing the Web * Archiving Mail:: * Web Searches:: Creating groups from articles that match a string. * Slashdot:: Reading the Slashdot comments. * Ultimate:: The Ultimate Bulletin Board systems. * Web Archive:: Reading mailing list archived on web. * RSS:: Reading RDF site summary. * Customizing W3:: Doing stuff to Emacs/W3 from Gnus. @acronym{IMAP} * Splitting in IMAP:: Splitting mail with nnimap. * Expiring in IMAP:: Expiring mail with nnimap. * Editing IMAP ACLs:: Limiting/enabling other users access to a mailbox. * Expunging mailboxes:: Equivalent of a ``compress mailbox'' button. * A note on namespaces:: How to (not) use @acronym{IMAP} namespace in Gnus. * Debugging IMAP:: What to do when things don't work. Other Sources * Directory Groups:: You can read a directory as if it was a newsgroup. * Anything Groups:: Dired? Who needs dired? * Document Groups:: Single files can be the basis of a group. * SOUP:: Reading @sc{soup} packets ``offline''. * Mail-To-News Gateways:: Posting articles via mail-to-news gateways. Document Groups * Document Server Internals:: How to add your own document types. SOUP * SOUP Commands:: Commands for creating and sending @sc{soup} packets * SOUP Groups:: A back end for reading @sc{soup} packets. * SOUP Replies:: How to enable @code{nnsoup} to take over mail and news. Combined Groups * Virtual Groups:: Combining articles from many groups. * Kibozed Groups:: Looking through parts of the newsfeed for articles. Email Based Diary * The NNDiary Back End:: Basic setup and usage. * The Gnus Diary Library:: Utility toolkit on top of nndiary. * Sending or Not Sending:: A final note on sending diary messages. The NNDiary Back End * Diary Messages:: What makes a message valid for nndiary. * Running NNDiary:: NNDiary has two modes of operation. * Customizing NNDiary:: Bells and whistles. The Gnus Diary Library * Diary Summary Line Format:: A nicer summary buffer line format. * Diary Articles Sorting:: A nicer way to sort messages. * Diary Headers Generation:: Not doing it manually. * Diary Group Parameters:: Not handling them manually. Gnus Unplugged * Agent Basics:: How it all is supposed to work. * Agent Categories:: How to tell the Gnus Agent what to download. * Agent Commands:: New commands for all the buffers. * Agent Visuals:: Ways that the agent may effect your summary buffer. * Agent as Cache:: The Agent is a big cache too. * Agent Expiry:: How to make old articles go away. * Agent Regeneration:: How to recover from lost connections and other accidents. * Agent and IMAP:: How to use the Agent with @acronym{IMAP}. * Outgoing Messages:: What happens when you post/mail something? * Agent Variables:: Customizing is fun. * Example Setup:: An example @file{~/.gnus.el} file for offline people. * Batching Agents:: How to fetch news from a @code{cron} job. * Agent Caveats:: What you think it'll do and what it does. Agent Categories * Category Syntax:: What a category looks like. * Category Buffer:: A buffer for maintaining categories. * Category Variables:: Customize'r'Us. Agent Commands * Group Agent Commands:: Configure groups and fetch their contents. * Summary Agent Commands:: Manually select then fetch specific articles. * Server Agent Commands:: Select the servers that are supported by the agent. Scoring * Summary Score Commands:: Adding score entries for the current group. * Group Score Commands:: General score commands. * Score Variables:: Customize your scoring. (My, what terminology). * Score File Format:: What a score file may contain. * Score File Editing:: You can edit score files by hand as well. * Adaptive Scoring:: Big Sister Gnus knows what you read. * Home Score File:: How to say where new score entries are to go. * Followups To Yourself:: Having Gnus notice when people answer you. * Scoring On Other Headers:: Scoring on non-standard headers. * Scoring Tips:: How to score effectively. * Reverse Scoring:: That problem child of old is not problem. * Global Score Files:: Earth-spanning, ear-splitting score files. * Kill Files:: They are still here, but they can be ignored. * Converting Kill Files:: Translating kill files to score files. * GroupLens:: Getting predictions on what you like to read. * Advanced Scoring:: Using logical expressions to build score rules. * Score Decays:: It can be useful to let scores wither away. GroupLens * Using GroupLens:: How to make Gnus use GroupLens. * Rating Articles:: Letting GroupLens know how you rate articles. * Displaying Predictions:: Displaying predictions given by GroupLens. * GroupLens Variables:: Customizing GroupLens. Advanced Scoring * Advanced Scoring Syntax:: A definition. * Advanced Scoring Examples:: What they look like. * Advanced Scoring Tips:: Getting the most out of it. Various * Process/Prefix:: A convention used by many treatment commands. * Interactive:: Making Gnus ask you many questions. * Symbolic Prefixes:: How to supply some Gnus functions with options. * Formatting Variables:: You can specify what buffers should look like. * Window Layout:: Configuring the Gnus buffer windows. * Faces and Fonts:: How to change how faces look. * Compilation:: How to speed Gnus up. * Mode Lines:: Displaying information in the mode lines. * Highlighting and Menus:: Making buffers look all nice and cozy. * Buttons:: Get tendinitis in ten easy steps! * Daemons:: Gnus can do things behind your back. * NoCeM:: How to avoid spam and other fatty foods. * Undo:: Some actions can be undone. * Predicate Specifiers:: Specifying predicates. * Moderation:: What to do if you're a moderator. * Image Enhancements:: Modern versions of Emacs/XEmacs can display images. * Fuzzy Matching:: What's the big fuzz? * Thwarting Email Spam:: Simple ways to avoid unsolicited commercial email. * Spam Package:: A package for filtering and processing spam. * Other modes:: Interaction with other modes. * Various Various:: Things that are really various. Formatting Variables * Formatting Basics:: A formatting variable is basically a format string. * Mode Line Formatting:: Some rules about mode line formatting variables. * Advanced Formatting:: Modifying output in various ways. * User-Defined Specs:: Having Gnus call your own functions. * Formatting Fonts:: Making the formatting look colorful and nice. * Positioning Point:: Moving point to a position after an operation. * Tabulation:: Tabulating your output. * Wide Characters:: Dealing with wide characters. Image Enhancements * X-Face:: Display a funky, teensy black-and-white image. * Face:: Display a funkier, teensier colored image. * Smileys:: Show all those happy faces the way they were meant to be shown. * Picons:: How to display pictures of what you're reading. * XVarious:: Other XEmacsy Gnusey variables. Thwarting Email Spam * The problem of spam:: Some background, and some solutions * Anti-Spam Basics:: Simple steps to reduce the amount of spam. * SpamAssassin:: How to use external anti-spam tools. * Hashcash:: Reduce spam by burning CPU time. Spam Package * Spam Package Introduction:: * Filtering Incoming Mail:: * Detecting Spam in Groups:: * Spam and Ham Processors:: * Spam Package Configuration Examples:: * Spam Back Ends:: * Extending the Spam package:: * Spam Statistics Package:: Spam Statistics Package * Creating a spam-stat dictionary:: * Splitting mail using spam-stat:: * Low-level interface to the spam-stat dictionary:: Appendices * XEmacs:: Requirements for installing under XEmacs. * History:: How Gnus got where it is today. * On Writing Manuals:: Why this is not a beginner's guide. * Terminology:: We use really difficult, like, words here. * Customization:: Tailoring Gnus to your needs. * Troubleshooting:: What you might try if things do not work. * Gnus Reference Guide:: Rilly, rilly technical stuff. * Emacs for Heathens:: A short introduction to Emacsian terms. * Frequently Asked Questions:: The Gnus FAQ History * Gnus Versions:: What Gnus versions have been released. * Other Gnus Versions:: Other Gnus versions that also have been released. * Why?:: What's the point of Gnus? * Compatibility:: Just how compatible is Gnus with @sc{gnus}? * Conformity:: Gnus tries to conform to all standards. * Emacsen:: Gnus can be run on a few modern Emacsen. * Gnus Development:: How Gnus is developed. * Contributors:: Oodles of people. * New Features:: Pointers to some of the new stuff in Gnus. New Features * ding Gnus:: New things in Gnus 5.0/5.1, the first new Gnus. * September Gnus:: The Thing Formally Known As Gnus 5.2/5.3. * Red Gnus:: Third time best---Gnus 5.4/5.5. * Quassia Gnus:: Two times two is four, or Gnus 5.6/5.7. * Pterodactyl Gnus:: Pentad also starts with P, AKA Gnus 5.8/5.9. * Oort Gnus:: It's big. It's far out. Gnus 5.10/5.11. Customization * Slow/Expensive Connection:: You run a local Emacs and get the news elsewhere. * Slow Terminal Connection:: You run a remote Emacs. * Little Disk Space:: You feel that having large setup files is icky. * Slow Machine:: You feel like buying a faster machine. Gnus Reference Guide * Gnus Utility Functions:: Common functions and variable to use. * Back End Interface:: How Gnus communicates with the servers. * Score File Syntax:: A BNF definition of the score file standard. * Headers:: How Gnus stores headers internally. * Ranges:: A handy format for storing mucho numbers. * Group Info:: The group info format. * Extended Interactive:: Symbolic prefixes and stuff. * Emacs/XEmacs Code:: Gnus can be run under all modern Emacsen. * Various File Formats:: Formats of files that Gnus use. Back End Interface * Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented. * Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented. * Error Messaging:: How to get messages and report errors. * Writing New Back Ends:: Extending old back ends. * Hooking New Back Ends Into Gnus:: What has to be done on the Gnus end. * Mail-like Back Ends:: Some tips on mail back ends. Various File Formats * Active File Format:: Information on articles and groups available. * Newsgroups File Format:: Group descriptions. Emacs for Heathens * Keystrokes:: Entering text and executing commands. * Emacs Lisp:: The built-in Emacs programming language. @end detailmenu @end menu @node Starting Up @chapter Starting Gnus @cindex starting up If you haven't used Emacs much before using Gnus, read @ref{Emacs for Heathens} first. @kindex M-x gnus @findex gnus If your system administrator has set things up properly, starting Gnus and reading news is extremely easy---you just type @kbd{M-x gnus} in your Emacs. If not, you should customize the variable @code{gnus-select-method} as described in @ref{Finding the News}. For a minimal setup for posting should also customize the variables @code{user-full-name} and @code{user-mail-address}. @findex gnus-other-frame @kindex M-x gnus-other-frame If you want to start Gnus in a different frame, you can use the command @kbd{M-x gnus-other-frame} instead. If things do not go smoothly at startup, you have to twiddle some variables in your @file{~/.gnus.el} file. This file is similar to @file{~/.emacs}, but is read when Gnus starts. If you puzzle at any terms used in this manual, please refer to the terminology section (@pxref{Terminology}). @menu * Finding the News:: Choosing a method for getting news. * The First Time:: What does Gnus do the first time you start it? * The Server is Down:: How can I read my mail then? * Slave Gnusae:: You can have more than one Gnus active at a time. * New Groups:: What is Gnus supposed to do with new groups? * Changing Servers:: You may want to move from one server to another. * Startup Files:: Those pesky startup files---@file{.newsrc}. * Auto Save:: Recovering from a crash. * The Active File:: Reading the active file over a slow line Takes Time. * Startup Variables:: Other variables you might change. @end menu @node Finding the News @section Finding the News @cindex finding news @vindex gnus-select-method @c @head The @code{gnus-select-method} variable says where Gnus should look for news. This variable should be a list where the first element says @dfn{how} and the second element says @dfn{where}. This method is your native method. All groups not fetched with this method are foreign groups. For instance, if the @samp{news.somewhere.edu} @acronym{NNTP} server is where you want to get your daily dosage of news from, you'd say: @lisp (setq gnus-select-method '(nntp "news.somewhere.edu")) @end lisp If you want to read directly from the local spool, say: @lisp (setq gnus-select-method '(nnspool "")) @end lisp If you can use a local spool, you probably should, as it will almost certainly be much faster. But do not use the local spool if your server is running Leafnode (which is a simple, standalone private news server); in this case, use @code{(nntp "localhost")}. @vindex gnus-nntpserver-file @cindex NNTPSERVER @cindex @acronym{NNTP} server If this variable is not set, Gnus will take a look at the @env{NNTPSERVER} environment variable. If that variable isn't set, Gnus will see whether @code{gnus-nntpserver-file} (@file{/etc/nntpserver} by default) has any opinions on the matter. If that fails as well, Gnus will try to use the machine running Emacs as an @acronym{NNTP} server. That's a long shot, though. @vindex gnus-nntp-server If @code{gnus-nntp-server} is set, this variable will override @code{gnus-select-method}. You should therefore set @code{gnus-nntp-server} to @code{nil}, which is what it is by default. @vindex gnus-secondary-servers @vindex gnus-nntp-server You can also make Gnus prompt you interactively for the name of an @acronym{NNTP} server. If you give a non-numerical prefix to @code{gnus} (i.e., @kbd{C-u M-x gnus}), Gnus will let you choose between the servers in the @code{gnus-secondary-servers} list (if any). You can also just type in the name of any server you feel like visiting. (Note that this will set @code{gnus-nntp-server}, which means that if you then @kbd{M-x gnus} later in the same Emacs session, Gnus will contact the same server.) @findex gnus-group-browse-foreign-server @kindex B (Group) However, if you use one @acronym{NNTP} server regularly and are just interested in a couple of groups from a different server, you would be better served by using the @kbd{B} command in the group buffer. It will let you have a look at what groups are available, and you can subscribe to any of the groups you want to. This also makes @file{.newsrc} maintenance much tidier. @xref{Foreign Groups}. @vindex gnus-secondary-select-methods @c @head A slightly different approach to foreign groups is to set the @code{gnus-secondary-select-methods} variable. The select methods listed in this variable are in many ways just as native as the @code{gnus-select-method} server. They will also be queried for active files during startup (if that's required), and new newsgroups that appear on these servers will be subscribed (or not) just as native groups are. For instance, if you use the @code{nnmbox} back end to read your mail, you would typically set this variable to @lisp (setq gnus-secondary-select-methods '((nnmbox ""))) @end lisp @node The First Time @section The First Time @cindex first time usage If no startup files exist (@pxref{Startup Files}), Gnus will try to determine what groups should be subscribed by default. @vindex gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups If the variable @code{gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups} is set, Gnus will subscribe you to just those groups in that list, leaving the rest killed. Your system administrator should have set this variable to something useful. Since she hasn't, Gnus will just subscribe you to a few arbitrarily picked groups (i.e., @samp{*.newusers}). (@dfn{Arbitrary} is defined here as @dfn{whatever Lars thinks you should read}.) You'll also be subscribed to the Gnus documentation group, which should help you with most common problems. If @code{gnus-default-subscribed-newsgroups} is @code{t}, Gnus will just use the normal functions for handling new groups, and not do anything special. @node The Server is Down @section The Server is Down @cindex server errors If the default server is down, Gnus will understandably have some problems starting. However, if you have some mail groups in addition to the news groups, you may want to start Gnus anyway. Gnus, being the trusting sort of program, will ask whether to proceed without a native select method if that server can't be contacted. This will happen whether the server doesn't actually exist (i.e., you have given the wrong address) or the server has just momentarily taken ill for some reason or other. If you decide to continue and have no foreign groups, you'll find it difficult to actually do anything in the group buffer. But, hey, that's your problem. Blllrph! @findex gnus-no-server @kindex M-x gnus-no-server @c @head If you know that the server is definitely down, or you just want to read your mail without bothering with the server at all, you can use the @code{gnus-no-server} command to start Gnus. That might come in handy if you're in a hurry as well. This command will not attempt to contact your primary server---instead, it will just activate all groups on level 1 and 2. (You should preferably keep no native groups on those two levels.) Also @pxref{Group Levels}. @node Slave Gnusae @section Slave Gnusae @cindex slave You might want to run more than one Emacs with more than one Gnus at the same time. If you are using different @file{.newsrc} files (e.g., if you are using the two different Gnusae to read from two different servers), that is no problem whatsoever. You just do it. The problem appears when you want to run two Gnusae that use the same @file{.newsrc} file. To work around that problem some, we here at the Think-Tank at the Gnus Towers have come up with a new concept: @dfn{Masters} and @dfn{slaves}. (We have applied for a patent on this concept, and have taken out a copyright on those words. If you wish to use those words in conjunction with each other, you have to send $1 per usage instance to me. Usage of the patent (@dfn{Master/Slave Relationships In Computer Applications}) will be much more expensive, of course.) @findex gnus-slave Anyway, you start one Gnus up the normal way with @kbd{M-x gnus} (or however you do it). Each subsequent slave Gnusae should be started with @kbd{M-x gnus-slave}. These slaves won't save normal @file{.newsrc} files, but instead save @dfn{slave files} that contain information only on what groups have been read in the slave session. When a master Gnus starts, it will read (and delete) these slave files, incorporating all information from them. (The slave files will be read in the sequence they were created, so the latest changes will have precedence.) Information from the slave files has, of course, precedence over the information in the normal (i.e., master) @file{.newsrc} file. If the @file{.newsrc*} files have not been saved in the master when the slave starts, you may be prompted as to whether to read an auto-save file. If you answer ``yes'', the unsaved changes to the master will be incorporated into the slave. If you answer ``no'', the slave may see some messages as unread that have been read in the master. @node New Groups @section New Groups @cindex new groups @cindex subscription @vindex gnus-check-new-newsgroups If you are satisfied that you really never want to see any new groups, you can set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} to @code{nil}. This will also save you some time at startup. Even if this variable is @code{nil}, you can always subscribe to the new groups just by pressing @kbd{U} in the group buffer (@pxref{Group Maintenance}). This variable is @code{ask-server} by default. If you set this variable to @code{always}, then Gnus will query the back ends for new groups even when you do the @kbd{g} command (@pxref{Scanning New Messages}). @menu * Checking New Groups:: Determining what groups are new. * Subscription Methods:: What Gnus should do with new groups. * Filtering New Groups:: Making Gnus ignore certain new groups. @end menu @node Checking New Groups @subsection Checking New Groups Gnus normally determines whether a group is new or not by comparing the list of groups from the active file(s) with the lists of subscribed and dead groups. This isn't a particularly fast method. If @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} is @code{ask-server}, Gnus will ask the server for new groups since the last time. This is both faster and cheaper. This also means that you can get rid of the list of killed groups altogether, so you may set @code{gnus-save-killed-list} to @code{nil}, which will save time both at startup, at exit, and all over. Saves disk space, too. Why isn't this the default, then? Unfortunately, not all servers support this command. I bet I know what you're thinking now: How do I find out whether my server supports @code{ask-server}? No? Good, because I don't have a fail-safe answer. I would suggest just setting this variable to @code{ask-server} and see whether any new groups appear within the next few days. If any do, then it works. If none do, then it doesn't work. I could write a function to make Gnus guess whether the server supports @code{ask-server}, but it would just be a guess. So I won't. You could @code{telnet} to the server and say @code{HELP} and see whether it lists @samp{NEWGROUPS} among the commands it understands. If it does, then it might work. (But there are servers that lists @samp{NEWGROUPS} without supporting the function properly.) This variable can also be a list of select methods. If so, Gnus will issue an @code{ask-server} command to each of the select methods, and subscribe them (or not) using the normal methods. This might be handy if you are monitoring a few servers for new groups. A side effect is that startup will take much longer, so you can meditate while waiting. Use the mantra ``dingnusdingnusdingnus'' to achieve permanent bliss. @node Subscription Methods @subsection Subscription Methods @vindex gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method What Gnus does when it encounters a new group is determined by the @code{gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method} variable. This variable should contain a function. This function will be called with the name of the new group as the only parameter. Some handy pre-fab functions are: @table @code @item gnus-subscribe-zombies @vindex gnus-subscribe-zombies Make all new groups zombies. This is the default. You can browse the zombies later (with @kbd{A z}) and either kill them all off properly (with @kbd{S z}), or subscribe to them (with @kbd{u}). @item gnus-subscribe-randomly @vindex gnus-subscribe-randomly Subscribe all new groups in arbitrary order. This really means that all new groups will be added at ``the top'' of the group buffer. @item gnus-subscribe-alphabetically @vindex gnus-subscribe-alphabetically Subscribe all new groups in alphabetical order. @item gnus-subscribe-hierarchically @vindex gnus-subscribe-hierarchically Subscribe all new groups hierarchically. The difference between this function and @code{gnus-subscribe-alphabetically} is slight. @code{gnus-subscribe-alphabetically} will subscribe new groups in a strictly alphabetical fashion, while this function will enter groups into its hierarchy. So if you want to have the @samp{rec} hierarchy before the @samp{comp} hierarchy, this function will not mess that configuration up. Or something like that. @item gnus-subscribe-interactively @vindex gnus-subscribe-interactively Subscribe new groups interactively. This means that Gnus will ask you about @strong{all} new groups. The groups you choose to subscribe to will be subscribed hierarchically. @item gnus-subscribe-killed @vindex gnus-subscribe-killed Kill all new groups. @item gnus-subscribe-topics @vindex gnus-subscribe-topics Put the groups into the topic that has a matching @code{subscribe} topic parameter (@pxref{Topic Parameters}). For instance, a @code{subscribe} topic parameter that looks like @example "nnslashdot" @end example will mean that all groups that match that regex will be subscribed under that topic. If no topics match the groups, the groups will be subscribed in the top-level topic. @end table @vindex gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive A closely related variable is @code{gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive}. (That's quite a mouthful.) If this variable is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will ask you in a hierarchical fashion whether to subscribe to new groups or not. Gnus will ask you for each sub-hierarchy whether you want to descend the hierarchy or not. One common mistake is to set the variable a few paragraphs above (@code{gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method}) to @code{gnus-subscribe-hierarchical-interactive}. This is an error. This will not work. This is ga-ga. So don't do it. @node Filtering New Groups @subsection Filtering New Groups A nice and portable way to control which new newsgroups should be subscribed (or ignored) is to put an @dfn{options} line at the start of the @file{.newsrc} file. Here's an example: @example options -n !alt.all !rec.all sci.all @end example @vindex gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method This line obviously belongs to a serious-minded intellectual scientific person (or she may just be plain old boring), because it says that all groups that have names beginning with @samp{alt} and @samp{rec} should be ignored, and all groups with names beginning with @samp{sci} should be subscribed. Gnus will not use the normal subscription method for subscribing these groups. @code{gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method} is used instead. This variable defaults to @code{gnus-subscribe-alphabetically}. @vindex gnus-options-not-subscribe @vindex gnus-options-subscribe If you don't want to mess with your @file{.newsrc} file, you can just set the two variables @code{gnus-options-subscribe} and @code{gnus-options-not-subscribe}. These two variables do exactly the same as the @file{.newsrc} @samp{options -n} trick. Both are regexps, and if the new group matches the former, it will be unconditionally subscribed, and if it matches the latter, it will be ignored. @vindex gnus-auto-subscribed-groups Yet another variable that meddles here is @code{gnus-auto-subscribed-groups}. It works exactly like @code{gnus-options-subscribe}, and is therefore really superfluous, but I thought it would be nice to have two of these. This variable is more meant for setting some ground rules, while the other variable is used more for user fiddling. By default this variable makes all new groups that come from mail back ends (@code{nnml}, @code{nnbabyl}, @code{nnfolder}, @code{nnmbox}, @code{nnmh}, and @code{nnmaildir}) subscribed. If you don't like that, just set this variable to @code{nil}. New groups that match this regexp are subscribed using @code{gnus-subscribe-options-newsgroup-method}. @node Changing Servers @section Changing Servers @cindex changing servers Sometimes it is necessary to move from one @acronym{NNTP} server to another. This happens very rarely, but perhaps you change jobs, or one server is very flaky and you want to use another. Changing the server is pretty easy, right? You just change @code{gnus-select-method} to point to the new server? @emph{Wrong!} Article numbers are not (in any way) kept synchronized between different @acronym{NNTP} servers, and the only way Gnus keeps track of what articles you have read is by keeping track of article numbers. So when you change @code{gnus-select-method}, your @file{.newsrc} file becomes worthless. Gnus provides a few functions to attempt to translate a @file{.newsrc} file from one server to another. They all have one thing in common---they take a looong time to run. You don't want to use these functions more than absolutely necessary. @kindex M-x gnus-change-server @findex gnus-change-server If you have access to both servers, Gnus can request the headers for all the articles you have read and compare @code{Message-ID}s and map the article numbers of the read articles and article marks. The @kbd{M-x gnus-change-server} command will do this for all your native groups. It will prompt for the method you want to move to. @kindex M-x gnus-group-move-group-to-server @findex gnus-group-move-group-to-server You can also move individual groups with the @kbd{M-x gnus-group-move-group-to-server} command. This is useful if you want to move a (foreign) group from one server to another. @kindex M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups @findex gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups If you don't have access to both the old and new server, all your marks and read ranges have become worthless. You can use the @kbd{M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups} command to clear out all data that you have on your native groups. Use with caution. @kindex M-x gnus-group-clear-data @findex gnus-group-clear-data Clear the data from the current group only---nix out marks and the list of read articles (@code{gnus-group-clear-data}). After changing servers, you @strong{must} move the cache hierarchy away, since the cached articles will have wrong article numbers, which will affect which articles Gnus thinks are read. @code{gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups} will ask you if you want to have it done automatically; for @code{gnus-group-clear-data}, you can use @kbd{M-x gnus-cache-move-cache} (but beware, it will move the cache for all groups). @node Startup Files @section Startup Files @cindex startup files @cindex .newsrc @cindex .newsrc.el @cindex .newsrc.eld Most common Unix news readers use a shared startup file called @file{.newsrc}. This file contains all the information about what groups are subscribed, and which articles in these groups have been read. Things got a bit more complicated with @sc{gnus}. In addition to keeping the @file{.newsrc} file updated, it also used a file called @file{.newsrc.el} for storing all the information that didn't fit into the @file{.newsrc} file. (Actually, it also duplicated everything in the @file{.newsrc} file.) @sc{gnus} would read whichever one of these files was the most recently saved, which enabled people to swap between @sc{gnus} and other newsreaders. That was kinda silly, so Gnus went one better: In addition to the @file{.newsrc} and @file{.newsrc.el} files, Gnus also has a file called @file{.newsrc.eld}. It will read whichever of these files that are most recent, but it will never write a @file{.newsrc.el} file. You should never delete the @file{.newsrc.eld} file---it contains much information not stored in the @file{.newsrc} file. @vindex gnus-save-newsrc-file @vindex gnus-read-newsrc-file You can turn off writing the @file{.newsrc} file by setting @code{gnus-save-newsrc-file} to @code{nil}, which means you can delete the file and save some space, as well as exiting from Gnus faster. However, this will make it impossible to use other newsreaders than Gnus. But hey, who would want to, right? Similarly, setting @code{gnus-read-newsrc-file} to @code{nil} makes Gnus ignore the @file{.newsrc} file and any @file{.newsrc-SERVER} files, which can be convenient if you use a different news reader occasionally, and you want to read a different subset of the available groups with that news reader. @vindex gnus-save-killed-list If @code{gnus-save-killed-list} (default @code{t}) is @code{nil}, Gnus will not save the list of killed groups to the startup file. This will save both time (when starting and quitting) and space (on disk). It will also mean that Gnus has no record of what groups are new or old, so the automatic new groups subscription methods become meaningless. You should always set @code{gnus-check-new-newsgroups} to @code{nil} or @code{ask-server} if you set this variable to @code{nil} (@pxref{New Groups}). This variable can also be a regular expression. If that's the case, remove all groups that do not match this regexp before saving. This can be useful in certain obscure situations that involve several servers where not all servers support @code{ask-server}. @vindex gnus-startup-file @vindex gnus-backup-startup-file @vindex version-control The @code{gnus-startup-file} variable says where the startup files are. The default value is @file{~/.newsrc}, with the Gnus (El Dingo) startup file being whatever that one is, with a @samp{.eld} appended. If you want version control for this file, set @code{gnus-backup-startup-file}. It respects the same values as the @code{version-control} variable. @vindex gnus-save-newsrc-hook @vindex gnus-save-quick-newsrc-hook @vindex gnus-save-standard-newsrc-hook @code{gnus-save-newsrc-hook} is called before saving any of the newsrc files, while @code{gnus-save-quick-newsrc-hook} is called just before saving the @file{.newsrc.eld} file, and @code{gnus-save-standard-newsrc-hook} is called just before saving the @file{.newsrc} file. The latter two are commonly used to turn version control on or off. Version control is on by default when saving the startup files. If you want to turn backup creation off, say something like: @lisp (defun turn-off-backup () (set (make-local-variable 'backup-inhibited) t)) (add-hook 'gnus-save-quick-newsrc-hook 'turn-off-backup) (add-hook 'gnus-save-standard-newsrc-hook 'turn-off-backup) @end lisp @vindex gnus-init-file @vindex gnus-site-init-file When Gnus starts, it will read the @code{gnus-site-init-file} (@file{.../site-lisp/gnus-init} by default) and @code{gnus-init-file} (@file{~/.gnus} by default) files. These are normal Emacs Lisp files and can be used to avoid cluttering your @file{~/.emacs} and @file{site-init} files with Gnus stuff. Gnus will also check for files with the same names as these, but with @file{.elc} and @file{.el} suffixes. In other words, if you have set @code{gnus-init-file} to @file{~/.gnus}, it will look for @file{~/.gnus.elc}, @file{~/.gnus.el}, and finally @file{~/.gnus} (in this order). If Emacs was invoked with the @option{-q} or @option{--no-init-file} options (@pxref{Initial Options, ,Initial Options, emacs, The Emacs Manual}), Gnus doesn't read @code{gnus-init-file}. @node Auto Save @section Auto Save @cindex dribble file @cindex auto-save Whenever you do something that changes the Gnus data (reading articles, catching up, killing/subscribing groups), the change is added to a special @dfn{dribble buffer}. This buffer is auto-saved the normal Emacs way. If your Emacs should crash before you have saved the @file{.newsrc} files, all changes you have made can be recovered from this file. If Gnus detects this file at startup, it will ask the user whether to read it. The auto save file is deleted whenever the real startup file is saved. @vindex gnus-use-dribble-file If @code{gnus-use-dribble-file} is @code{nil}, Gnus won't create and maintain a dribble buffer. The default is @code{t}. @vindex gnus-dribble-directory Gnus will put the dribble file(s) in @code{gnus-dribble-directory}. If this variable is @code{nil}, which it is by default, Gnus will dribble into the directory where the @file{.newsrc} file is located. (This is normally the user's home directory.) The dribble file will get the same file permissions as the @file{.newsrc} file. @vindex gnus-always-read-dribble-file If @code{gnus-always-read-dribble-file} is non-@code{nil}, Gnus will read the dribble file on startup without querying the user. @node The Active File @section The Active File @cindex active file @cindex ignored groups When Gnus starts, or indeed whenever it tries to determine whether new articles have arrived, it reads the active file. This is a very large file that lists all the active groups and articles on the server. @vindex gnus-ignored-newsgroups Before examining the active file, Gnus deletes all lines that match the regexp @code{gnus-ignored-newsgroups}. This is done primarily to reject any groups with bogus names, but you can use this variable to make Gnus ignore hierarchies you aren't ever interested in. However, this is not recommended. In fact, it's highly discouraged. Instead, @pxref{New Groups} for an overview of other variables that can be used instead. @c This variable is @c @code{nil} by default, and will slow down active file handling somewhat @c if you set it to anything else. @vindex gnus-read-active-file @c @head The active file can be rather Huge, so if you have a slow network, you can set @code{gnus-read-active-file} to @code{nil} to prevent Gnus from reading the active file. This variable is @code{some} by default. Gnus will try to make do by getting information just on the groups that you actually subscribe to. Note that if you subscribe to lots and lots of groups, setting this variable to @code{nil} will probably make Gnus slower, not faster. At present, having this variable @code{nil} will slow Gnus down considerably, unless you read news over a 2400 baud modem. This variable can also have the value @code{some}. Gnus will then attempt to read active info only on the subscribed groups. On some servers this is quite fast (on sparkling, brand new INN servers that support the @code{LIST ACTIVE group} command), on others this isn't fast at all. In any case, @code{some} should be faster than @code{nil}, and is certainly faster than @code{t} over slow lines. Some news servers (old versions of Leafnode and old versions of INN, for instance) do not support the @code{LIST ACTIVE group}. For these servers, @code{nil} is probably the most efficient value for this variable. If this variable is @code{nil}, Gnus will ask for group info in total lock-step, which isn't very fast. If it is @code{some} and you use an @acronym{NNTP} server, Gnus will pump out commands as fast as it can, and read all the replies in one swoop. This will normally result in better performance, but if the server does not support the aforementioned @code{LIST ACTIVE group} command, this isn't very nice to the server. If you think that starting up Gnus takes too long, try all the three different values for this variable and see what works best for you. In any case, if you use @code{some} or @code{nil}, you should definitely kill all groups that you aren't interested in to speed things up. Note that this variable also affects active file retrieval from secondary select methods. @node Startup Variables @section Startup Variables @table @code @item gnus-load-hook @vindex gnus-load-hook A hook run while Gnus is being loaded. Note that this hook will normally be run just once in each Emacs session, no matter how many times you start Gnus. @item gnus-before-startup-hook @vindex gnus-before-startup-hook A hook run after starting up Gnus successfully. @item gnus-startup-hook @vindex gnus-startup-hook A hook run as the very last thing after starting up Gnus @item gnus-started-hook @vindex gnus-started-hook A hook that is run as the very last thing after starting up Gnus successfully. @item gnus-setup-news-hook @vindex gnus-setup-news-hook A hook that is run after reading the @file{.newsrc} file(s), but before generating the group buffer. @item gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups @vindex gnus-check-bogus-newsgroups If non-@code{nil}, Gnus will check for and delete all bogus groups at startup. A @dfn{bogus group} is a group that you have in your @file{.newsrc} file, but doesn't exist on the news server. Checking for bogus groups can take quite a while, so to save time and resources it's best to leave this option off, and do the checking for bogus groups once in a while from the group buffer instead (@pxref{Group Maintenance}). @item gnus-inhibit-startup-message @vindex gnus-inhibit-startup-message If non-@code{nil}, the startup message won't be displayed. That way, your boss might not notice as easily that you are reading news instead of doing your job. Note that this variable is used before @file{~/.gnus.el} is loaded, so it should be set in @file{.emacs} instead. @item gnus-no-groups-message @vindex gnus-no-groups-message Message displayed by Gnus when no groups are available. @item gnus-play-startup-jingle @vindex gnus-play-startup-jingle If non-@code{nil}, play the Gnus jingle at startup. @item gnus-startup-jingle @vindex gnus-startup-jingle Jingle to be played if the above variable is non-@code{nil}. The default is @samp{Tuxedomoon.Jingle4.au}. @end table @node Group Buffer @chapter Group Buffer @cindex group buffer @c Alex Schroeder suggests to rearrange this as follows: @c @c ok, just save it for reference. I'll go to bed in a minute. @c 1. Selecting a Group, 2. (new) Finding a Group, 3. Group Levels, @c 4. Subscription Commands, 5. Group Maneuvering, 6. Group Data, @c 7. Group Score, 8. Group Buffer Format @c Group Levels should have more information on levels 5 to 9. I @c suggest to split the 4th paragraph ("Gnus considers groups...") as follows: @c First, "Gnus considers groups... (default 9)." @c New, a table summarizing what levels 1 to 9 mean. @c Third, "Gnus treats subscribed ... reasons of efficiency" @c Then expand the next paragraph or add some more to it. @c This short one sentence explains levels 1 and 2, therefore I understand @c that I should keep important news at 3 and boring news at 4. @c Say so! Then go on to explain why I should bother with levels 6 to 9. @c Maybe keep those that you don't want to read temporarily at 6, @c those that you never want to read at 8, those that offend your @c human rights at 9... The @dfn{group buffer} lists all (or parts) of the available groups. It is the first buffer shown when Gnus starts, and will never be killed as long as Gnus is active. @iftex @iflatex \gnusfigure{The Group Buffer}{320}{ \put(75,50){\epsfig{figure=ps/group,height=9cm}} \put(120,37){\makebox(0,0)[t]{Buffer name}} \put(120,38){\vector(1,2){10}} \put(40,60){\makebox(0,0)[r]{Mode line}} \put(40,58){\vector(1,0){30}} \put(200,28){\makebox(0,0)[t]{Native select method}} \put(200,26){\vector(-1,2){15}} } @end iflatex @end iftex @menu * Group Buffer Format:: Information listed and how you can change it. * Group Maneuvering:: Commands for moving in the group buffer. * Selecting a Group:: Actually reading news. * Subscription Commands:: Unsubscribing, killing, subscribing. * Group Data:: Changing the info for a group. * Group Levels:: Levels? What are those, then? * Group Score:: A mechanism for finding out what groups you like. * Marking Groups:: You can mark groups for later processing. * Foreign Groups:: Creating and editing groups. * Group Parameters:: Each group may have different parameters set. * Listing Groups:: Gnus can list various subsets of the groups. * Sorting Groups:: Re-arrange the group order. * Group Maintenance:: Maintaining a tidy @file{.newsrc} file. * Browse Foreign Server:: You can browse a server. See what it has to offer. * Exiting Gnus:: Stop reading news and get some work done. * Group Topics:: A folding group mode divided into topics. * Misc Group Stuff:: Other stuff that you can to do. @end menu @node Group Buffer Format @section Group Buffer Format @menu * Group Line Specification:: Deciding how the group buffer is to look. * Group Mode Line Specification:: The group buffer mode line. * Group Highlighting:: Having nice colors in the group buffer. @end menu You can customize the Group Mode tool bar, see @kbd{M-x customize-apropos RET gnus-group-tool-bar}. This feature is only available in Emacs. The tool bar icons are now (de)activated correctly depending on the cursor position. Therefore, moving around in the Group Buffer is slower. You can disable this via the variable @code{gnus-group-update-tool-bar}. Its default value depends on your Emacs version. @node Group Line Specification @subsection Group Line Specification @cindex group buffer format The default format of the group buffer is nice and dull, but you can make it as exciting and ugly as you feel like. Here's a couple of example group lines: @example 25: news.announce.newusers * 0: alt.fan.andrea-dworkin @end example Quite simple, huh? You can see that there are 25 unread articles in @samp{news.announce.newusers}. There are no unread articles, but some ticked articles, in @samp{alt.fan.andrea-dworkin} (see that little asterisk at the beginning of the line?). @vindex gnus-group-line-format You can change that format to whatever you want by fiddling with the @code{gnus-group-line-format} variable. This variable works along the lines of a @code{format} specification, which is pretty much the same as a @code{printf} specifications, for those of you who use (feh!) C. @xref{Formatting Variables}. @samp{%M%S%5y:%B%(%g%)\n} is the value that produced those lines above. There should always be a colon on the line; the cursor always moves to the colon after performing an operation. @xref{Positioning Point}. Nothing else is required---not even the group name. All displayed text is just window dressing, and is never examined by Gnus. Gnus stores all real information it needs using text properties. (Note that if you make a really strange, wonderful, spreadsheet-like layout, everybody will believe you are hard at work with the accounting instead of wasting time reading news.) Here's a list of all available format characters: @table @samp @item M An asterisk if the group only has marked articles. @item S Whether the group is subscribed. @item L Level of subscribedness. @item N Number of unread articles. @item I Number of dormant articles. @item T Number of ticked articles. @item R Number of read articles. @item U Number of unseen articles. @item t Estimated total number of articles. (This is really @var{max-number} minus @var{min-number} plus 1.) Gnus uses this estimation because the @acronym{NNTP} protocol provides efficient access to @var{max-number} and @var{min-number} but getting the true unread message count is not possible efficiently. For hysterical raisins, even the mail back ends, where the true number of unread messages might be available efficiently, use the same limited interface. To remove this restriction from Gnus means that the back end interface has to be changed, which is not an easy job. If you want to work on this, please contact the Gnus mailing list. @item y Number of unread, unticked, non-dormant articles. @item i Number of ticked and dormant articles. @item g Full group name. @item G Group name. @item C Group comment (@pxref{Group Parameters}) or group name if there is no comment element in the group parameters. @item D Newsgroup description. You need to read the group descriptions before these will appear, and to do that, you either have to set @code{gnus-read-active-file} or use the group buffer @kbd{M-d} command. @item o @samp{m} if moderated. @item O @samp{(m)} if moderated. @item s Select method. @item B If the summary buffer for the group is open or not. @item n Select from where. @item z A string that looks like @samp{<%s:%n>} if a foreign select method is used. @item P Indentation based on the level of the topic (@pxref{Group Topics}). @item c @vindex gnus-group-uncollapsed-levels Short (collapsed) group name. The @code{gnus-group-uncollapsed-levels} variable says how many levels to leave at the end of the group name. The default is 1---this will mean that group names like @samp{gnu.emacs.gnus} will be shortened to @samp{g.e.gnus}. @item m @vindex gnus-new-mail-mark @cindex % @samp{%} (@code{gnus-new-mail-mark}) if there has arrived new mail to the group lately. @item p @samp{#} (@code{gnus-process-mark}) if the group is process marked. @item d A string that says when you last read the group (@pxref{Group Timestamp}). @item u User defined specifier. The next character in the format string should be a letter. Gnus will call the function @code{gnus-user-format-function-}@samp{X}, where @samp{X} is the letter following @samp{%u}. The function will be passed a single dummy parameter as argument. The function should return a string, which will be inserted into the buffer just like information from any other specifier. @end table @cindex * All the ``number-of'' specs will be filled with an asterisk (@samp{*}) if no info is available---for instance, if it is a non-activated foreign group, or a bogus native group. @node Group Mode Line Specification @subsection Group Mode Line Specification @cindex group mode line @vindex gnus-group-mode-line-format The mode line can be changed by setting @code{gnus-group-mode-line-format} (@pxref{Mode Line Formatting}). It doesn't understand that many format specifiers: @table @samp @item S The native news server. @item M The native select method. @end table @node Group Highlighting @subsection Group Highlighting @cindex highlighting @cindex group highlighting @vindex gnus-group-highlight Highlighting in the group buffer is controlled by the @code{gnus-group-highlight} variable. This is an alist with elements that look like @code{(@var{form} . @var{face})}. If @var{form} evaluates to something non-@code{nil}, the @var{face} will be used on the line. Here's an example value for this variable that might look nice if the background is dark: @lisp (cond (window-system (setq custom-background-mode 'light) (defface my-group-face-1 '((t (:foreground "Red" :bold t))) "First group face") (defface my-group-face-2 '((t (:foreground "DarkSeaGreen4" :bold t))) "Second group face") (defface my-group-face-3 '((t (:foreground "Green4" :bold t))) "Third group face") (defface my-group-face-4 '((t (:foreground "SteelBlue" :bold t))) "Fourth group face") (defface my-group-face-5 '((t (:foreground "Blue" :bold t))) "Fifth group face"))) (setq gnus-group-highlight '(((> unread 200) . my-group-face-1) ((and (< level 3) (zerop unread)) . my-group-face-2) ((< level 3) . my-group-face-3) ((zerop unread) . my-group-face-4) (t . my-group-face-5))) @end lisp Also @pxref{Faces and Fonts}. Variables that are dynamically bound when the forms are evaluated include: @table @code @item group The group name. @item unread The number of unread articles in the group. @item method The select method. @item mailp Whether the group is a mail group. @item level The level of the group. @item score The score of the group. @item ticked The number of ticked articles in the group. @item total The total number of articles in the group. Or rather, @var{max-number} minus @var{min-number} plus one. @item topic When using the topic minor mode, this variable is bound to the current topic being inserted. @end table When the forms are @code{eval}ed, point is at the beginning of the line of the group in question, so you can use many of the normal Gnus functions for snarfing info on the group. @vindex gnus-group-update-hook @findex gnus-group-highlight-line @code{gnus-group-update-hook} is called when a group line is changed. It will not be called when @code{gnus-visual} is @code{nil}. This hook calls @code{gnus-group-highlight-line} by default. @node Group Maneuvering @section Group Maneuvering @cindex group movement All movement commands understand the numeric prefix and will behave as expected, hopefully. @table @kbd @item n @kindex n (Group) @findex gnus-group-next-unread-group Go to the next group that has unread articles (@code{gnus-group-next-unread-group}). @item p @itemx DEL @kindex DEL (Group) @kindex p (Group) @findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group Go to the previous group that has unread articles (@code{gnus-group-prev-unread-group}). @item N @kindex N (Group) @findex gnus-group-next-group Go to the next group (@code{gnus-group-next-group}). @item P @kindex P (Group) @findex gnus-group-prev-group Go to the previous group (@code{gnus-group-prev-group}). @item M-n @kindex M-n (Group) @findex gnus-group-next-unread-group-same-level Go to the next unread group on the same (or lower) level (@code{gnus-group-next-unread-group-same-level}). @item M-p @kindex M-p (Group) @findex gnus-group-prev-unread-group-same-level Go to the previous unread group on the same (or lower) level (@code{gnus-group-prev-unread-group-same-level}). @end table Three commands for jumping to groups: @table @kbd @item j @kindex j (Group) @findex gnus-group-jump-to-group Jump to a group (and make it visible if it isn't already) (@code{gnus-group-jump-to-group}). Killed groups can be jumped to, just like living groups. @item , @kindex , (Group) @findex gnus-group-best-unread-group Jump to the unread group with the lowest level (@code{gnus-group-best-unread-group}). @item . @kindex . (Group) @findex gnus-group-first-unread-group Jump to the first group with unread articles (@code{gnus-group-first-unread-group}). @end table @vindex gnus-group-goto-unread If @code{gnus-group-goto-unread} is @code{nil}, all the movement commands will move to the next group, not the next unread group. Even the commands that say they move to the next unread group. The default is @code{t}. @node Selecting a Group @section Selecting a Group @cindex group selection @table @kbd @item SPACE @kindex SPACE (Group) @findex gnus-group-read-group Select the current group, switch to the summary buffer and display the first unread article (@code{gnus-group-read-group}). If there are no unread articles in the group, or if you give a non-numerical prefix to this command, Gnus will offer to fetch all the old articles in this group from the server. If you give a numerical prefix @var{n}, @var{n} determines the number of articles Gnus will fetch. If @var{n} is positive, Gnus fetches the @var{n} newest articles, if @var{n} is negative, Gnus fetches the @code{abs(@var{n})} oldest articles. Thus, @kbd{SPC} enters the group normally, @kbd{C-u SPC} offers old articles, @kbd{C-u 4 2 SPC} fetches the 42 newest articles, and @kbd{C-u - 4 2 SPC} fetches the 42 oldest ones. When you are in the group (in the Summary buffer), you can type @kbd{M-g} to fetch new articles, or @kbd{C-u M-g} to also show the old ones. @item RET @kindex RET (Group) @findex gnus-group-select-group Select the current group and switch to the summary buffer (@code{gnus-group-select-group}). Takes the same arguments as @code{gnus-group-read-group}---the only difference is that this command does not display the first unread article automatically upon group entry. @item M-RET @kindex M-RET (Group) @findex gnus-group-quick-select-group This does the same as the command above, but tries to do it with the minimum amount of fuzz (@code{gnus-group-quick-select-group}). No scoring/killing will be performed, there will be no highlights and no expunging. This might be useful if you're in a real hurry and have to enter some humongous group. If you give a 0 prefix to this command (i.e., @kbd{0 M-RET}), Gnus won't even generate the summary buffer, which is useful if you want to toggle threading before generating the summary buffer (@pxref{Summary Generation Commands}). @item M-SPACE @kindex M-SPACE (Group) @findex gnus-group-visible-select-group This is yet one more command that does the same as the @kbd{RET} command, but this one does it without expunging and hiding dormants (@code{gnus-group-visible-select-group}). @item C-M-RET @kindex C-M-RET (Group) @findex gnus-group-select-group-ephemerally Finally, this command selects the current group ephemerally without doing any processing of its contents (@code{gnus-group-select-group-ephemerally}). Even threading has been turned off. Everything you do in the group after selecting it in this manner will have no permanent effects. @end table @vindex gnus-large-newsgroup The @code{gnus-large-newsgroup} variable says what Gnus should consider to be a big group. If it is @code{nil}, no groups are considered big. The default value is 200. If the group has more (unread and/or ticked) articles than this, Gnus will query the user before entering the group. The user can then specify how many articles should be fetched from the server. If the user specifies a negative number (@var{-n}), the @var{n} oldest articles will be fetched. If it is positive, the @var{n} articles that have arrived most recently will be fetched. @vindex gnus-large-ephemeral-newsgroup @code{gnus-large-ephemeral-newsgroup} is the same as @code{gnus-large-newsgroup}, but is only used for ephemeral newsgroups. @vindex gnus-newsgroup-maximum-articles In groups in some news servers, there might be a big gap between a few very old articles that will never be expired and the recent ones. In such a case, the server will return the data like @code{(1 . 30000000)} for the @code{LIST ACTIVE group} command, for example. Even if there are actually only the articles 1-10 and 29999900-30000000, Gnus doesn't know it at first and prepares for getting 30000000 articles. However, it will consume hundreds megabytes of memories and might make Emacs get stuck as the case may be. If you use such news servers, set the variable @code{gnus-newsgroup-maximum-articles} to a positive number. The value means that Gnus ignores articles other than this number of the latest ones in every group. For instance, the value 10000 makes Gnus get only the articles 29990001-30000000 (if the latest article number is 30000000 in a group). Note that setting this variable to a number might prevent you from reading very old articles. The default value of the variable @code{gnus-newsgroup-maximum-articles} is @code{nil}, which means Gnus never ignores old articles. @vindex gnus-select-group-hook @vindex gnus-auto-select-first @vindex gnus-auto-select-subject If @code{gnus-auto-select-first} is non-@code{nil}, select an article automatically when entering a group with the @kbd{SPACE} command. Which article this is is controlled by the @code{gnus-auto-select-subject} variable. Valid values for this variable are: @table @code @item unread Place point on the subject line of the first unread article. @item first Place point on the subject line of the first article. @item unseen Place point on the subject line of the first unseen article. @item unseen-or-unread Place point on the subject line of the first unseen article, and if there is no such article, place point on the subject line of the first unread article. @item best Place point on the subject line of the highest-scored unread article. @end table This variable can also be a function. In that case, that function will be called to place point on a subject line. If you want to prevent automatic selection in some group (say, in a binary group with Huge articles) you can set the @code{gnus-auto-select-first} variable to @code{nil} in @code{gnus-select-group-hook}, which is called when a group is selected. @node Subscription Commands @section Subscription Commands @cindex subscription @table @kbd @item S t @itemx u @kindex S t (Group) @kindex u (Group) @findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group @c @icon{gnus-group-unsubscribe} Toggle subscription to the current group (@code{gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group}). @item S s @itemx U @kindex S s (Group) @kindex U (Group) @findex gnus-group-unsubscribe-group Prompt for a group to subscribe, and then subscribe it. If it was subscribed already, unsubscribe it instead (@code{gnus-group-unsubscribe-group}). @item S k @itemx C-k @kindex S k (Group) @kindex C-k (Group) @findex gnus-group-kill-group @c @icon{gnus-group-kill-group} Kill the current group (@code{gnus-group-kill-group}). @item S y @itemx C-y @kindex S y (Group) @kindex C-y (Group) @findex gnus-group-yank-group Yank the last killed group (@code{gnus-group-yank-group}). @item C-x C-t @kindex C-x C-t (Group) @findex gnus-group-transpose-groups Transpose two groups (@code{gnus-group-transpose-groups}). This isn't really a subscription command, but you can use it instead of a kill-and-yank sequence sometimes. @item S w @itemx C-w @kindex S w (Group) @kindex C-w (Group) @findex gnus-group-kill-region Kill all groups in the region (@code{gnus-group-kill-region}). @item S z @kindex S z (Group) @findex gnus-group-kill-all-zombies Kill all zombie groups (@code{gnus-group-kill-all-zombies}). @item S C-k @kindex S C-k (Group) @findex gnus-group-kill-level Kill all groups on a certain level (@code{gnus-group-kill-level}). These groups can't be yanked back after killing, so this command should be used with some caution. The only time where this command comes in really handy is when you have a @file{.newsrc} with lots of unsubscribed groups that you want to get rid off. @kbd{S C-k} on level 7 will kill off all unsubscribed groups that do not have message numbers in the @file{.newsrc} file. @end table Also @pxref{Group Levels}. @node Group Data @section Group Data @table @kbd @item c @kindex c (Group) @findex gnus-group-catchup-current @vindex gnus-group-catchup-group-hook @c @icon{gnus-group-catchup-current} Mark all unticked articles in this group as read (@code{gnus-group-catchup-current}). @code{gnus-group-catchup-group-hook} is called when catching up a group from the group buffer. @item C @kindex C (Group) @findex gnus-group-catchup-current-all Mark all articles in this group, even the ticked ones, as read (@code{gnus-group-catchup-current-all}). @item M-c @kindex M-c (Group) @findex gnus-group-clear-data Clear the data from the current group---nix out marks and the list of read articles (@code{gnus-group-clear-data}). @item M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups @kindex M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups @findex gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups If you have switched from one @acronym{NNTP} server to another, all your marks and read ranges have become worthless. You can use this command to clear out all data that you have on your native groups. Use with caution. @end table @node Group Levels @section Group Levels @cindex group level @cindex level All groups have a level of @dfn{subscribedness}. For instance, if a group is on level 2, it is more subscribed than a group on level 5. You can ask Gnus to just list groups on a given level or lower (@pxref{Listing Groups}), or to just check for new articles in groups on a given level or lower (@pxref{Scanning New Messages}). Remember: The higher the level of the group, the less important it is. @table @kbd @item S l @kindex S l (Group) @findex gnus-group-set-current-level Set the level of the current group. If a numeric prefix is given, the next @var{n} groups will have their levels set. The user will be prompted for a level. @end table @vindex gnus-level-killed @vindex gnus-level-zombie @vindex gnus-level-unsubscribed @vindex gnus-level-subscribed Gnus considers groups from levels 1 to @code{gnus-level-subscribed} (inclusive) (default 5) to be subscribed, @code{gnus-level-subscribed} (exclusive) and @code{gnus-level-unsubscribed} (inclusive) (default 7) to be unsubscribed, @code{gnus-level-zombie} to be zombies (walking dead) (default 8) and @code{gnus-level-killed} to be killed (completely dead) (default 9). Gnus treats subscribed and unsubscribed groups exactly the same, but zombie and killed groups have no information on what articles you have read, etc, stored. This distinction between dead and living groups isn't done because it is nice or clever, it is done purely for reasons of efficiency. It is recommended that you keep all your mail groups (if any) on quite low levels (e.g. 1 or 2). Maybe the following description of the default behavior of Gnus helps to understand what these levels are all about. By default, Gnus shows you subscribed nonempty groups, but by hitting @kbd{L} you can have it show empty subscribed groups and unsubscribed groups, too. Type @kbd{l} to go back to showing nonempty subscribed groups again. Thus, unsubscribed groups are hidden, in a way. Zombie and killed groups are similar to unsubscribed groups in that they are hidden by default. But they are different from subscribed and unsubscribed groups in that Gnus doesn't ask the news server for information (number of messages, number of unread messages) on zombie and killed groups. Normally, you use @kbd{C-k} to kill the groups you aren't interested in. If most groups are killed, Gnus is faster. Why does Gnus distinguish between zombie and killed groups? Well, when a new group arrives on the server, Gnus by default makes it a zombie group. This means that you are normally not bothered with new groups, but you can type @kbd{A z} to get a list of all new groups. Subscribe the ones you like and kill the ones you don't want. (@kbd{A k} shows a list of killed groups.) If you want to play with the level variables, you should show some care. Set them once, and don't touch them ever again. Better yet, don't touch them at all unless you know exactly what you're doing. @vindex gnus-level-default-unsubscribed @vindex gnus-level-default-subscribed Two closely related variables are @code{gnus-level-default-subscribed} (default 3) and @code{gnus-level-default-unsubscribed} (default 6), which are the levels that new groups will be put on if they are (un)subscribed. These two variables should, of course, be inside the relevant valid ranges. @vindex gnus-keep-same-level If @code{gnus-keep-same-level} is non-@code{nil}, some movement commands will only move to groups of the same level (or lower). In particular, going from the last article in one group to the next group will go to the next group of the same level (or lower). This might be handy if you want to read the most important groups before you read the rest. If this variable is @code{best}, Gnus will make the next newsgroup the one with the best level. @vindex gnus-group-default-list-level All groups with a level less than or equal to @code{gnus-group-default-list-level} will be listed in the group buffer by default. @vindex gnus-group-list-inactive-groups If @code{gnus-group-list-inactive-groups} is non-@code{nil}, non-active groups will be listed along with the unread groups. This variable is @code{t} by default. If it is @code{nil}, inactive groups won't be listed. @vindex gnus-group-use-permanent-levels If @code{gnus-group-use-permanent-levels} is non-@code{nil}, once you give a level prefix to @kbd{g} or @kbd{l}, all subsequent commands will use this level as the ``work'' level. @vindex gnus-activate-level Gnus will normally just activate (i. e., query the server about) groups on level @code{gnus-activate-level} or less. If you don't want to activate unsubscribed groups, for instance, you might set this variable to 5. The default is 6. @node Group Score @section Group Score @cindex group score @cindex group rank @cindex rank You would normally keep important groups on high levels, but that scheme is somewhat restrictive. Don't you wish you could have Gnus sort the group buffer according to how often you read groups, perhaps? Within reason? This is what @dfn{group score} is for. You can have Gnus assign a score to each group through the mechanism described below. You can then sort the group buffer based on this score. Alternatively, you can sort on score and then level. (Taken together, the level and the score is called the @dfn{rank} of the group. A group that is on level 4 and has a score of 1 has a higher rank than a group on level 5 that has a score of 300. (The level is the most significant part and the score is the least significant part.)) @findex gnus-summary-bubble-group If you want groups you read often to get higher scores than groups you read seldom you can add the @code{gnus-summary-bubble-group} function to the @code{gnus-summary-exit-hook} hook. This will result (after sorting) in a bubbling sort of action. If you want to see that in action after each summary exit, you can add @code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank} or @code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score} to the same hook, but that will slow things down somewhat. @node Marking Groups @section Marking Groups @cindex marking groups If you want to perform some command on several groups, and they appear subsequently in the group buffer, you would normally just give a numerical prefix to the command. Most group commands will then do your bidding on those groups. However, if the groups are not in sequential order, you can still perform a command on several groups. You simply mark the groups first with the process mark and then execute the command. @table @kbd @item # @kindex # (Group) @itemx M m @kindex M m (Group) @findex gnus-group-mark-group Set the mark on the current group (@code{gnus-group-mark-group}). @item M-# @kindex M-# (Group) @itemx M u @kindex M u (Group) @findex gnus-group-unmark-group Remove the mark from the current group (@code{gnus-group-unmark-group}). @item M U @kindex M U (Group) @findex gnus-group-unmark-all-groups Remove the mark from all groups (@code{gnus-group-unmark-all-groups}). @item M w @kindex M w (Group) @findex gnus-group-mark-region Mark all groups between point and mark (@code{gnus-group-mark-region}). @item M b @kindex M b (Group) @findex gnus-group-mark-buffer Mark all groups in the buffer (@code{gnus-group-mark-buffer}). @item M r @kindex M r (Group) @findex gnus-group-mark-regexp Mark all groups that match some regular expression (@code{gnus-group-mark-regexp}). @end table Also @pxref{Process/Prefix}. @findex gnus-group-universal-argument If you want to execute some command on all groups that have been marked with the process mark, you can use the @kbd{M-&} (@code{gnus-group-universal-argument}) command. It will prompt you for the command to be executed. @node Foreign Groups @section Foreign Groups @cindex foreign groups Below are some group mode commands for making and editing general foreign groups, as well as commands to ease the creation of a few special-purpose groups. All these commands insert the newly created groups under point---@code{gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method} is not consulted. Changes from the group editing commands are stored in @file{~/.newsrc.eld} (@code{gnus-startup-file}). An alternative is the variable @code{gnus-parameters}, @xref{Group Parameters}. @table @kbd @item G m @kindex G m (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-group @cindex making groups Make a new group (@code{gnus-group-make-group}). Gnus will prompt you for a name, a method and possibly an @dfn{address}. For an easier way to subscribe to @acronym{NNTP} groups (@pxref{Browse Foreign Server}). @item G M @kindex G M (Group) @findex gnus-group-read-ephemeral-group Make an ephemeral group (@code{gnus-group-read-ephemeral-group}). Gnus will prompt you for a name, a method and an @dfn{address}. @item G r @kindex G r (Group) @findex gnus-group-rename-group @cindex renaming groups Rename the current group to something else (@code{gnus-group-rename-group}). This is valid only on some groups---mail groups mostly. This command might very well be quite slow on some back ends. @item G c @kindex G c (Group) @cindex customizing @findex gnus-group-customize Customize the group parameters (@code{gnus-group-customize}). @item G e @kindex G e (Group) @findex gnus-group-edit-group-method @cindex renaming groups Enter a buffer where you can edit the select method of the current group (@code{gnus-group-edit-group-method}). @item G p @kindex G p (Group) @findex gnus-group-edit-group-parameters Enter a buffer where you can edit the group parameters (@code{gnus-group-edit-group-parameters}). @item G E @kindex G E (Group) @findex gnus-group-edit-group Enter a buffer where you can edit the group info (@code{gnus-group-edit-group}). @item G d @kindex G d (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-directory-group @cindex nndir Make a directory group (@pxref{Directory Groups}). You will be prompted for a directory name (@code{gnus-group-make-directory-group}). @item G h @kindex G h (Group) @cindex help group @findex gnus-group-make-help-group Make the Gnus help group (@code{gnus-group-make-help-group}). @item G a @kindex G a (Group) @cindex (ding) archive @cindex archive group @findex gnus-group-make-archive-group @vindex gnus-group-archive-directory @vindex gnus-group-recent-archive-directory Make a Gnus archive group (@code{gnus-group-make-archive-group}). By default a group pointing to the most recent articles will be created (@code{gnus-group-recent-archive-directory}), but given a prefix, a full group will be created from @code{gnus-group-archive-directory}. @item G k @kindex G k (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-kiboze-group @cindex nnkiboze Make a kiboze group. You will be prompted for a name, for a regexp to match groups to be ``included'' in the kiboze group, and a series of strings to match on headers (@code{gnus-group-make-kiboze-group}). @xref{Kibozed Groups}. @item G D @kindex G D (Group) @findex gnus-group-enter-directory @cindex nneething Read an arbitrary directory as if it were a newsgroup with the @code{nneething} back end (@code{gnus-group-enter-directory}). @xref{Anything Groups}. @item G f @kindex G f (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-doc-group @cindex ClariNet Briefs @cindex nndoc Make a group based on some file or other (@code{gnus-group-make-doc-group}). If you give a prefix to this command, you will be prompted for a file name and a file type. Currently supported types are @code{mbox}, @code{babyl}, @code{digest}, @code{news}, @code{rnews}, @code{mmdf}, @code{forward}, @code{rfc934}, @code{rfc822-forward}, @code{mime-parts}, @code{standard-digest}, @code{slack-digest}, @code{clari-briefs}, @code{nsmail}, @code{outlook}, @code{oe-dbx}, and @code{mailman}. If you run this command without a prefix, Gnus will guess at the file type. @xref{Document Groups}. @item G u @kindex G u (Group) @vindex gnus-useful-groups @findex gnus-group-make-useful-group Create one of the groups mentioned in @code{gnus-useful-groups} (@code{gnus-group-make-useful-group}). @item G w @kindex G w (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-web-group @cindex Google @cindex nnweb @cindex gmane Make an ephemeral group based on a web search (@code{gnus-group-make-web-group}). If you give a prefix to this command, make a solid group instead. You will be prompted for the search engine type and the search string. Valid search engine types include @code{google}, @code{dejanews}, and @code{gmane}. @xref{Web Searches}. If you use the @code{google} search engine, you can limit the search to a particular group by using a match string like @samp{shaving group:alt.sysadmin.recovery}. @item G R @kindex G R (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-rss-group Make a group based on an @acronym{RSS} feed (@code{gnus-group-make-rss-group}). You will be prompted for an URL. @xref{RSS}. @item G DEL @kindex G DEL (Group) @findex gnus-group-delete-group This function will delete the current group (@code{gnus-group-delete-group}). If given a prefix, this function will actually delete all the articles in the group, and forcibly remove the group itself from the face of the Earth. Use a prefix only if you are absolutely sure of what you are doing. This command can't be used on read-only groups (like @code{nntp} groups), though. @item G V @kindex G V (Group) @findex gnus-group-make-empty-virtual Make a new, fresh, empty @code{nnvirtual} group (@code{gnus-group-make-empty-virtual}). @xref{Virtual Groups}. @item G v @kindex G v (Group) @findex gnus-group-add-to-virtual Add the current group to an @code{nnvirtual} group (@code{gnus-group-add-to-virtual}). Uses the process/prefix convention. @end table @xref{Select Methods}, for more information on the various select methods. @vindex gnus-activate-foreign-newsgroups If @code{gnus-activate-foreign-newsgroups} is a positive number, Gnus will check all foreign groups with this level or lower at startup. This might take quite a while, especially if you subscribe to lots of groups from different @acronym{NNTP} servers. Also @pxref{Group Levels}; @code{gnus-activate-level} also affects activation of foreign newsgroups. @node Group Parameters @section Group Parameters @cindex group parameters The group parameters store information local to a particular group. Use the @kbd{G p} or the @kbd{G c} command to edit group parameters of a group. (@kbd{G p} presents you with a Lisp-based interface, @kbd{G c} presents you with a Customize-like interface. The latter helps avoid silly Lisp errors.) You might also be interested in reading about topic parameters (@pxref{Topic Parameters}). Additionally, you can set group parameters via the @code{gnus-parameters} variable, see below. Here's an example group parameter list: @example ((to-address . "ding@@gnus.org") (auto-expire . t)) @end example We see that each element consists of a ``dotted pair''---the thing before the dot is the key, while the thing after the dot is the value. All the parameters have this form @emph{except} local variable specs, which are not dotted pairs, but proper lists. Some parameters have correspondent customizable variables, each of which is an alist of regexps and values. The following group parameters can be used: @table @code @item to-address @cindex to-address Address used by when doing followups and new posts. @example (to-address . "some@@where.com") @end example This is primarily useful in mail groups that represent closed mailing lists---mailing lists where it's expected that everybody that writes to the mailing list is subscribed to it. Since using this parameter ensures that the mail only goes to the mailing list itself, it means that members won't receive two copies of your followups. Using @code{to-address} will actually work whether the group is foreign or not. Let's say there's a group on the server that is called @samp{fa.4ad-l}. This is a real newsgroup, but the server has gotten the articles from a mail-to-news gateway. Posting directly to this group is therefore impossible---you have to send mail to the mailing list address instead. See also @code{gnus-parameter-to-address-alist}. @item to-list @cindex to-list Address used when doing @kbd{a} in that group. @example (to-list . "some@@where.com") @end example It is totally ignored when doing a followup---except that if it is present in a news group, you'll get mail group semantics when doing @kbd{f}. If you do an @kbd{a} command in a mail group and you have neither a @code{to-list} group parameter nor a @code{to-address} group parameter, then a @code{to-list} group parameter will be added automatically upon sending the message if @code{gnus-add-to-list} is set to @code{t}. @vindex gnus-add-to-list @findex gnus-mailing-list-mode @cindex mail list groups If this variable is set, @code{gnus-mailing-list-mode} is turned on when entering summary buffer. See also @code{gnus-parameter-to-list-alist}. @anchor{subscribed} @item subscribed @cindex subscribed @cindex Mail-Followup-To @findex gnus-find-subscribed-addresses If this parameter is set to @code{t}, Gnus will consider the to-address and to-list parameters for this group as addresses of mailing lists you are subscribed to. Giving Gnus this information is (only) a first step in getting it to generate correct Mail-Followup-To headers for your posts to these lists. The second step is to put the following in your @file{.gnus.el} @lisp (setq message-subscribed-address-functions '(gnus-find-subscribed-addresses)) @end lisp @xref{Mailing Lists, ,Mailing Lists, message, The Message Manual}, for a complete treatment of available MFT support. @item visible @cindex visible If the group parameter list has the element @code{(visible . t)}, that group will always be visible in the Group buffer, regardless of whether it has any unread articles. This parameter cannot be set via @code{gnus-parameters}. See @code{gnus-permanently-visible-groups} as an alternative. @item broken-reply-to @cindex broken-reply-to Elements like @code{(broken-reply-to . t)} signals that @code{Reply-To} headers in this group are to be ignored, and for the header to be hidden if @code{reply-to} is part of @code{gnus-boring-article-headers}. This can be useful if you're reading a mailing list group where the listserv has inserted @code{Reply-To} headers that point back to the listserv itself. That is broken behavior. So there! @item to-group @cindex to-group Elements like @code{(to-group . "some.group.name")} means that all posts in that group will be sent to @code{some.group.name}. @item newsgroup @cindex newsgroup If you have @code{(newsgroup . t)} in the group parameter list, Gnus will treat all responses as if they were responses to news articles. This can be useful if you have a mail group that's really a mirror of a news group. @item gcc-self @cindex gcc-self If @code{(gcc-self . t)} is present in the group parameter list, newly composed messages will be @code{Gcc}'d to the current group. If @code{(gcc-self . none)} is present, no @code{Gcc:} header will be generated, if @code{(gcc-self . "string")} is present, this string will be inserted literally as a @code{gcc} header. This parameter takes precedence over any default @code{Gcc} rules as described later (@pxref{Archived Messages}). @strong{Caveat}: Adding @code{(gcc-self . t)} to the parameter list of @code{nntp} groups (or the like) isn't valid. An @code{nntp} server doesn't accept articles. @item auto-expire @cindex auto-expire @cindex expiring mail If the group parameter has an element that looks like @code{(auto-expire . t)}, all articles read will be marked as expirable. For an alternative approach, @pxref{Expiring Mail}. See also @code{gnus-auto-expirable-newsgroups}. @item total-expire @cindex total-expire @cindex expiring mail If the group parameter has an element that looks like @code{(total-expire . t)}, all read articles will be put through the expiry process, even if they are not marked as expirable. Use with caution. Unread, ticked and dormant articles are not eligible for expiry. See also @code{gnus-total-expirable-newsgroups}. @item expiry-wait @cindex expiry-wait @vindex nnmail-expiry-wait-function If the group parameter has an element that looks like @code{(expiry-wait . 10)}, this value will override any @code{nnmail-expiry-wait} and @code{nnmail-expiry-wait-function} (@pxref{Expiring Mail}) when expiring expirable messages. The value can either be a number of days (not necessarily an integer) or the symbols @code{never} or @code{immediate}. @item expiry-target @cindex expiry-target Where expired messages end up. This parameter overrides @code{nnmail-expiry-target}. @item score-file @cindex score file group parameter Elements that look like @code{(score-file . "file")} will make @file{file} into the current score file for the group in question. All interactive score entries will be put into this file. @item adapt-file @cindex adapt file group parameter Elements that look like @code{(adapt-file . "file")} will make @file{file} into the current adaptive file for the group in question. All adaptive score entries will be put into this file. @item admin-address @cindex admin-address When unsubscribing from a mailing list you should never send the unsubscription notice to the mailing list itself. Instead, you'd send messages to the administrative address. This parameter allows you to put the admin address somewhere convenient. @item display @cindex display Elements that look like @code{(display . MODE)} say which articles to display on entering the group. Valid values are: @table @code @item all Display all articles, both read and unread. @item an integer Display the last @var{integer} articles in the group. This is the same as entering the group with @kbd{C-u @var{integer}}. @item default Display the default visible articles, which normally includes unread and ticked articles. @item an array Display articles that satisfy a predicate. Here are some examples: @table @code @item [unread] Display only unread articles. @item [not expire] Display everything except expirable articles. @item [and (not reply) (not expire)] Display everything except expirable and articles you've already responded to. @end table The available operators are @code{not}, @code{and} and @code{or}. Predicates include @code{tick}, @code{unsend}, @code{undownload}, @code{unread}, @code{dormant}, @code{expire}, @code{reply}, @code{killed}, @code{bookmark}, @code{score}, @code{save}, @code{cache}, @code{forward}, @code{unseen} and @code{recent}. @end table The @code{display} parameter works by limiting the summary buffer to the subset specified. You can pop the limit by using the @kbd{/ w} command (@pxref{Limiting}). @item comment @cindex comment Elements that look like @code{(comment . "This is a comment")} are arbitrary comments on the group. You can display comments in the group line (@pxref{Group Line Specification}). @item charset @cindex charset Elements that look like @code{(charset . iso-8859-1)} will make @code{iso-8859-1} the default charset; that is, the charset that will be used for all articles that do not specify a charset. See also @code{gnus-group-charset-alist}. @item ignored-charsets @cindex ignored-charset Elements that look like @code{(ignored-charsets x-unknown iso-8859-1)} will make @code{iso-8859-1} and @code{x-unknown} ignored; that is, the default charset will be used for decoding articles. See also @code{gnus-group-ignored-charsets-alist}. @item posting-style @cindex posting-style You can store additional posting style information for this group here (@pxref{Posting Styles}). The format is that of an entry in the @code{gnus-posting-styles} alist, except that there's no regexp matching the group name (of course). Style elements in this group parameter will take precedence over the ones found in @code{gnus-posting-styles}. For instance, if you want a funky name and signature in this group only, instead of hacking @code{gnus-posting-styles}, you could put something like this in the group parameters: @example (posting-style (name "Funky Name") ("X-My-Header" "Funky Value") (signature "Funky Signature")) @end example @item post-method @cindex post-method If it is set, the value is used as the method for posting message instead of @code{gnus-post-method}. @item banner @cindex banner An item like @code{(banner . @var{regexp})} causes any part of an article that matches the regular expression @var{regexp} to be stripped. Instead of @var{regexp}, you can also use the symbol @code{signature} which strips the last signature or any of the elements of the alist @code{gnus-article-banner-alist}. @item sieve @cindex sieve This parameter contains a Sieve test that should match incoming mail that should be placed in this group. From this group parameter, a Sieve @samp{IF} control structure is generated, having the test as the condition and @samp{fileinto "group.name";} as the body. For example, if the @samp{INBOX.list.sieve} group has the @code{(sieve address "sender" "sieve-admin@@extundo.com")} group parameter, when translating the group parameter into a Sieve script (@pxref{Sieve Commands}) the following Sieve code is generated: @example if address \"sender\" \"sieve-admin@@extundo.com\" @{ fileinto \"INBOX.list.sieve\"; @} @end example The Sieve language is described in RFC 3028. @xref{Top, Emacs Sieve, Top, sieve, Emacs Sieve}. @item (agent parameters) If the agent has been enabled, you can set any of the its parameters to control the behavior of the agent in individual groups. See Agent Parameters in @ref{Category Syntax}. Most users will choose to set agent parameters in either an agent category or group topic to minimize the configuration effort. @item (@var{variable} @var{form}) You can use the group parameters to set variables local to the group you are entering. If you want to turn threading off in @samp{news.answers}, you could put @code{(gnus-show-threads nil)} in the group parameters of that group. @code{gnus-show-threads} will be made into a local variable in the summary buffer you enter, and the form @code{nil} will be @code{eval}ed there. Note that this feature sets the variable locally to the summary buffer. But some variables are evaluated in the article buffer, or in the message buffer (of a reply or followup or otherwise newly created message). As a workaround, it might help to add the variable in question to @code{gnus-newsgroup-variables}. @xref{Various Summary Stuff}. So if you want to set @code{message-from-style} via the group parameters, then you may need the following statement elsewhere in your @file{~/.gnus} file: @lisp (add-to-list 'gnus-newsgroup-variables 'message-from-style) @end lisp @vindex gnus-list-identifiers A use for this feature is to remove a mailing list identifier tag in the subject fields of articles. E.g. if the news group @example nntp+news.gnus.org:gmane.text.docbook.apps @end example has the tag @samp{DOC-BOOK-APPS:} in the subject of all articles, this tag can be removed from the article subjects in the summary buffer for the group by putting @code{(gnus-list-identifiers "DOCBOOK-APPS:")} into the group parameters for the group. This can also be used as a group-specific hook function. If you want to hear a beep when you enter a group, you could put something like @code{(dummy-variable (ding))} in the parameters of that group. @code{dummy-variable} will be set to the (meaningless) result of the @code{(ding)} form. Alternatively, since the VARIABLE becomes local to the group, this pattern can be used to temporarily change a hook. For example, if the following is added to a group parameter @lisp (gnus-summary-prepared-hook '(lambda nil (local-set-key "d" (local-key-binding "n")))) @end lisp when the group is entered, the 'd' key will not mark the article as expired. @end table @vindex gnus-parameters Group parameters can be set via the @code{gnus-parameters} variable too. But some variables, such as @code{visible}, have no effect (For this case see @code{gnus-permanently-visible-groups} as an alternative.). For example: @lisp (setq gnus-parameters '(("mail\\..*" (gnus-show-threads nil) (gnus-use-scoring nil) (gnus-summary-line-format "%U%R%z%I%(%[%d:%ub%-23,23f%]%) %s\n") (gcc-self . t) (display . all)) ("^nnimap:\\(foo.bar\\)$" (to-group . "\\1")) ("mail\\.me" (gnus-use-scoring t)) ("list\\..*" (total-expire . t) (broken-reply-to . t)))) @end lisp String value of parameters will be subjected to regexp substitution, as the @code{to-group} example shows. @vindex gnus-parameters-case-fold-search By default, whether comparing the group name and one of those regexps specified in @code{gnus-parameters} is done in a case-sensitive manner or a case-insensitive manner depends on the value of @code{case-fold-search} at the time when the comparison is done. The value of @code{case-fold-search} is typically @code{t}; it means, for example, the element @code{("INBOX\\.FOO" (total-expire . t))} might be applied to both the @samp{INBOX.FOO} group and the @samp{INBOX.foo} group. If you want to make those regexps always case-sensitive, set the value of the @code{gnus-parameters-case-fold-search} variable to @code{nil}. Otherwise, set it to @code{t} if you want to compare them always in a case-insensitive manner. @node Listing Groups @section Listing Groups @cindex group listing These commands all list various slices of the groups available. @table @kbd @item l @itemx A s @kindex A s (Group) @kindex l (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-groups List all groups that have unread articles (@code{gnus-group-list-groups}). If the numeric prefix is used, this command will list only groups of level ARG and lower. By default, it only lists groups of level five (i.e., @code{gnus-group-default-list-level}) or lower (i.e., just subscribed groups). @item L @itemx A u @kindex A u (Group) @kindex L (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-all-groups List all groups, whether they have unread articles or not (@code{gnus-group-list-all-groups}). If the numeric prefix is used, this command will list only groups of level ARG and lower. By default, it lists groups of level seven or lower (i.e., just subscribed and unsubscribed groups). @item A l @kindex A l (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-level List all unread groups on a specific level (@code{gnus-group-list-level}). If given a prefix, also list the groups with no unread articles. @item A k @kindex A k (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-killed List all killed groups (@code{gnus-group-list-killed}). If given a prefix argument, really list all groups that are available, but aren't currently (un)subscribed. This could entail reading the active file from the server. @item A z @kindex A z (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-zombies List all zombie groups (@code{gnus-group-list-zombies}). @item A m @kindex A m (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-matching List all unread, subscribed groups with names that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-list-matching}). @item A M @kindex A M (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-all-matching List groups that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-list-all-matching}). @item A A @kindex A A (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-active List absolutely all groups in the active file(s) of the server(s) you are connected to (@code{gnus-group-list-active}). This might very well take quite a while. It might actually be a better idea to do a @kbd{A M} to list all matching, and just give @samp{.} as the thing to match on. Also note that this command may list groups that don't exist (yet)---these will be listed as if they were killed groups. Take the output with some grains of salt. @item A a @kindex A a (Group) @findex gnus-group-apropos List all groups that have names that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-apropos}). @item A d @kindex A d (Group) @findex gnus-group-description-apropos List all groups that have names or descriptions that match a regexp (@code{gnus-group-description-apropos}). @item A c @kindex A c (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-cached List all groups with cached articles (@code{gnus-group-list-cached}). @item A ? @kindex A ? (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-dormant List all groups with dormant articles (@code{gnus-group-list-dormant}). @item A / @kindex A / (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-limit List groups limited within the current selection (@code{gnus-group-list-limit}). @item A f @kindex A f (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-flush Flush groups from the current selection (@code{gnus-group-list-flush}). @item A p @kindex A p (Group) @findex gnus-group-list-plus List groups plus the current selection (@code{gnus-group-list-plus}). @end table @vindex gnus-permanently-visible-groups @cindex visible group parameter Groups that match the @code{gnus-permanently-visible-groups} regexp will always be shown, whether they have unread articles or not. You can also add the @code{visible} element to the group parameters in question to get the same effect. @vindex gnus-list-groups-with-ticked-articles Groups that have just ticked articles in it are normally listed in the group buffer. If @code{gnus-list-groups-with-ticked-articles} is @code{nil}, these groups will be treated just like totally empty groups. It is @code{t} by default. @node Sorting Groups @section Sorting Groups @cindex sorting groups @kindex C-c C-s (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups @vindex gnus-group-sort-function The @kbd{C-c C-s} (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups}) command sorts the group buffer according to the function(s) given by the @code{gnus-group-sort-function} variable. Available sorting functions include: @table @code @item gnus-group-sort-by-alphabet @findex gnus-group-sort-by-alphabet Sort the group names alphabetically. This is the default. @item gnus-group-sort-by-real-name @findex gnus-group-sort-by-real-name Sort the group alphabetically on the real (unprefixed) group names. @item gnus-group-sort-by-level @findex gnus-group-sort-by-level Sort by group level. @item gnus-group-sort-by-score @findex gnus-group-sort-by-score Sort by group score. @xref{Group Score}. @item gnus-group-sort-by-rank @findex gnus-group-sort-by-rank Sort by group score and then the group level. The level and the score are, when taken together, the group's @dfn{rank}. @xref{Group Score}. @item gnus-group-sort-by-unread @findex gnus-group-sort-by-unread Sort by number of unread articles. @item gnus-group-sort-by-method @findex gnus-group-sort-by-method Sort alphabetically on the select method. @item gnus-group-sort-by-server @findex gnus-group-sort-by-server Sort alphabetically on the Gnus server name. @end table @code{gnus-group-sort-function} can also be a list of sorting functions. In that case, the most significant sort key function must be the last one. There are also a number of commands for sorting directly according to some sorting criteria: @table @kbd @item G S a @kindex G S a (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-alphabet Sort the group buffer alphabetically by group name (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-alphabet}). @item G S u @kindex G S u (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-unread Sort the group buffer by the number of unread articles (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-unread}). @item G S l @kindex G S l (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-level Sort the group buffer by group level (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-level}). @item G S v @kindex G S v (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score Sort the group buffer by group score (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-score}). @xref{Group Score}. @item G S r @kindex G S r (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank Sort the group buffer by group rank (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-rank}). @xref{Group Score}. @item G S m @kindex G S m (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-method Sort the group buffer alphabetically by back end name@* (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-method}). @item G S n @kindex G S n (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-groups-by-real-name Sort the group buffer alphabetically by real (unprefixed) group name (@code{gnus-group-sort-groups-by-real-name}). @end table All the commands below obey the process/prefix convention (@pxref{Process/Prefix}). When given a symbolic prefix (@pxref{Symbolic Prefixes}), all these commands will sort in reverse order. You can also sort a subset of the groups: @table @kbd @item G P a @kindex G P a (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-alphabet Sort the groups alphabetically by group name (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-alphabet}). @item G P u @kindex G P u (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-unread Sort the groups by the number of unread articles (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-unread}). @item G P l @kindex G P l (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-level Sort the groups by group level (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-level}). @item G P v @kindex G P v (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-score Sort the groups by group score (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-score}). @xref{Group Score}. @item G P r @kindex G P r (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-rank Sort the groups by group rank (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-rank}). @xref{Group Score}. @item G P m @kindex G P m (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-method Sort the groups alphabetically by back end name@* (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-method}). @item G P n @kindex G P n (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-real-name Sort the groups alphabetically by real (unprefixed) group name (@code{gnus-group-sort-selected-groups-by-real-name}). @item G P s @kindex G P s (Group) @findex gnus-group-sort-selected-groups Sort the groups according to @code{gnus-group-sort-function}. @end table And finally, note that you can use @kbd{C-k} and @kbd{C-y} to manually move groups around. @node Group Maintenance @section Group Maintenance @cindex bogus groups @table @kbd @item b @kindex b (Group) @findex gnus-group-check-bogus-groups Find bogus groups and delete them (@code{gnus-group-check-bogus-groups}). @item F @kindex F (Group) @findex gnus-group-find-new-groups Find new groups and process them (@code{gnus-group-find-new-groups}). With 1 @kbd{C-u}, use the @code{ask-server} method to query the server for new groups. With 2 @kbd{C-u}'s, use most complete method possible to query the server for new groups, and subscribe the new groups as zombies. @item C-c C-x @kindex C-c C-x (Group) @findex gnus-group-expire-articles @cindex expiring mail Run all expirable articles in the current group through the expiry process (if any) (@code{gnus-group-expire-articles}). That is, delete all expirable articles in the group that have been around for a while. (@pxref{Expiring Mail}). @item C-c C-M-x @kindex C-c C-M-x (Group) @findex gnus-group-expire-all-groups @cindex expiring mail Run all expirable articles in all groups through the expiry process (@code{gnus-group-expire-all-groups}). @end table @node Browse Foreign Server @section Browse Foreign Server @cindex foreign servers @cindex browsing servers @table @kbd @item B @kindex B (Group) @findex gnus-group-browse-foreign-server You will be queried for a select method and a server name. Gnus will then attempt to contact this server and let you browse the groups there (@code{gnus-group-browse-foreign-server}). @end table @findex gnus-browse-mode A new buffer with a list of available groups will appear. This buffer will use the @code{gnus-browse-mode}. This buffer looks a bit (well, a lot) like a normal group buffer. Here's a list of keystrokes available in the browse mode: @table @kbd @item n @kindex n (Browse) @findex gnus-group-next-group Go to the next group (@code{gnus-group-next-group}). @item p @kindex p (Browse) @findex gnus-group-prev-group Go to the previous group (@code{gnus-group-prev-group}). @item SPACE @kindex SPACE (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-read-group Enter the current group and display the first article (@code{gnus-browse-read-group}). @item RET @kindex RET (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-select-group Enter the current group (@code{gnus-browse-select-group}). @item u @kindex u (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-unsubscribe-current-group Unsubscribe to the current group, or, as will be the case here, subscribe to it (@code{gnus-browse-unsubscribe-current-group}). @item l @itemx q @kindex q (Browse) @kindex l (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-exit Exit browse mode (@code{gnus-browse-exit}). @item d @kindex d (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-describe-group Describe the current group (@code{gnus-browse-describe-group}). @item ? @kindex ? (Browse) @findex gnus-browse-describe-briefly Describe browse mode briefly (well, there's not much to describe, is there) (@code{gnus-browse-describe-briefly}). @end table @node Exiting Gnus @section Exiting Gnus @cindex exiting Gnus Yes, Gnus is ex(c)iting. @table @kbd @item z @kindex z (Group) @findex gnus-group-suspend Suspend Gnus (@code{gnus-group-suspend}). This doesn't really exit Gnus, but it kills all buffers except the Group buffer. I'm not sure why this is a gain, but then who am I to judge? @item q @kindex q (Group) @findex gnus-group-exit @c @icon{gnus-group-exit} Quit Gnus (@code{gnus-group-exit}). @item Q @kindex Q (Group) @findex gnus-group-quit Quit Gnus without saving the @file{.newsrc} files (@code{gnus-group-quit}). The dribble file will be saved, though (@pxref{Auto Save}). @end table @vindex gnus-exit-gnus-hook @vindex gnus-suspend-gnus-hook @vindex gnus-after-exiting-gnus-hook @code{gnus-suspend-gnus-hook} is called when you suspend Gnus and @code{gnus-exit-gnus-hook} is called when you quit Gnus, while @code{gnus-after-exiting-gnus-hook} is called as the final item when exiting Gnus. Note: @quotation Miss Lisa Cannifax, while sitting in English class, felt her feet go numbly heavy and herself fall into a hazy trance as the boy sitting behind her drew repeated lines with his pencil across the back of her plastic chair. @end quotation @node Group Topics @section Group Topics @cindex topics If you read lots and lots of groups, it might be convenient to group them hierarchically according to topics. You put your Emacs groups over here, your sex groups over there, and the rest (what, two groups or so?) you put in some misc section that you never bother with anyway. You can even group the Emacs sex groups as a sub-topic to either the Emacs groups or the sex groups---or both! Go wild! @iftex @iflatex \gnusfigure{Group Topics}{400}{ \put(75,50){\epsfig{figure=ps/group-topic,height=9cm}} }